Psych Exam #2

cephalocaudal trend

head to tail; lower part of body grows later than head

proximodistal trend

near to far; extremities grow later than head, chest, and trunk

dynamic systems theory

mind body and environment work together in a system

central nervous system, body's movement capacity, child's goals, environmental supports

what are the four factors in each new skill

cultural variations

some cultures support rapid motor development; focus on parts of development over others

gross motor developments

large movements; crawling, standing, walking

fine motor development

detailed movements with fingers/hands; reaching and grasping

anywhere from middle of first year to first year

what is the range for sitting and crawling

anywhere from first year or after

what is the range for walking

prereaching, reaching with ulnar grasp, transferring objects from one hand to another, pincer grasp

what is the order of the milestones of reaching

prereaching

newborn - involuntary swipes in general direction, not accurate

reaching with ulnar grasp

3-4 months - clumsy grasp but more accuracy in that baby can make contact with an object

pincer grasp

9 months - pinching grab with two fingers

sense of musical phrasing

what is the first phase in the development of hearing (4-7 months)

"screen out" sounds from non-native languages

what is the second phase in the development of hearing (6-8 months)

divide the speech stream into word-like units

what is the third phase in the development of hearing (7-9 months)

can detect words that start with weak syllables

what is the fourth phase in the development of hearing (10 months)

focus and color vision

what can a baby do in terms of vision at 2-4 months

vision

what is the least developed sense when the baby is born

track things that are moving

what can a baby do in terms of vision at 6 months

habituation

responsiveness decreases; baby is familiar with object, attention is shorter

recovery

what is the term for when attention goes back up after responsiveness decreases during habituation

crawling ability/experience, depth perception

what are the two reasons why baby is hesitant to cross the visual cliff

sensitivity to motion cues, sensitivity to binocular cues, sensitivity to pictorial cues/wariness of heights

what are the three steps in depth perception (in order)

contrast sensitivity

young babies can't resolve small features in complex patterns

bad

do babies have good or bad contrast sensitivity at first

early face perception

recognizing a caregiver, have preference for faces that are upright; prewired to prefer human looking faces, even if it is not a real face

differentiation theory

gibson and gibson; babies becoming more sensitive to smaller and smaller differences in detail

differentiation theory

babies start looking for what's not changing; actively searching for what is staying the same

cooing

happens early; vowel sounds

babbling

consonant and vowel sounds

around age 1

when does the first word happen

important people (mama, dada), animals (doggie, kitty), objects that move (car, ball). familiar actions (bye bye, up)

what are some examples of first words

two word utterances

high content words; telegraphic speech

crying, cooing, babbling, simple words, two word utterances

what is the order of language development

underextension

children apply words too narrowly; eg. bear refers to a single stuffed bear

overextension

children apply words to a wider collection of objects; eg. bear refers to all fuzzy animals

telegraphic speech

brief two-word utterances that focus on high content words

comprehension

language that children understand

child directed speech

high pitch at end of words, exaggerated expression, drawing out words, gestures and repetition

it's multimodal, babies can see and hear their families (supports social interaction)

baby einstein; babies under 18 months should not have screen time but why is video chatting considered okay

nativism

babies are prewired to talk; innately ready to use their minds to understand and speak whatever language is offered

core knowledge

based on nativism; infants born with innate knowledge systems, core domains of thoughts; babies are ready to grasp new, related information

social interactionism

humans are inherently social beings; emotional connection, being motivated to want to communicate

joint attention

gazing in same general direction; becomes more accurate around first birthday

sustain attention longer, comprehend more language, produce meaningful gestures and words earlier, show faster vocabulary growth

what are some positive outcomes of joint attention

constructivist, independence, motivation

what are 3 assumptions of piaget

constructivist

thoughts of infants/toddlers as actively constructing their knowledge

assimilation

observing and mapping on what is seen that's new onto something that exists already in schema

accommodation

changing/modifying understanding or creating a new schema

motivation

intrinsically motivated to want to learn new words; explore environmnet

vygotsky

knowledge is cultural; learning through social interaction; social interactionism: motivated to care because of making a connection to others

nature and maturation

what does piaget focus on

nurture and social interactionism

what does vygotsky focus on

zone of proximal development

range of performance: at bottom - things baby can do by myself with no help (basic skills); at top - how high of a level of performance they can reach (with help)

continuity (continuous assimilation and accommodation)

how do babies expand knowledge

piaget

discontinuity - sees staircase

vygotsky

focus on continuity; continuous learning and social interactionism; when can i talk and engage in a more sophisticated way

reflexive schemes

what is the first of piaget's substages

separate reflexes

what happens in the reflexive schemes stage

primary circular reactions

what is the second of piaget's substages

coordinating reflexes

what happens in the primary circular reactions stage

secondary circular reactions

what is the third of piaget's substages

out of sight, out of mind; repeating interesting effects

what happens in the secondary circular reactions stage

coordination of secondary circular reactions

what is the fourth of piaget's substages

object permanence; intentional, goal-directed behavior; A not B error

what happens in the coordination of secondary circular reactions stage

tertiary circular reactions

what is the fifth of piaget's substages

accurate A not B search, explore objects in new ways, little scientist

what happens in the tertiary circular reactions stage

mental representation

what is the sixth of piaget's substages

make-believe play, internally depict objects and events, better at finding things when hidden, deferred imitation

what happens in the mental representation stage

didn't tell us a lot about infancy and childhood, doesn't speak of process during first two years of life or independent learning

what are some cons of vygotsky

tells us a lot about process (assimilation and accommodation), know how children are developing their understanding

what are some pros of piaget

downplays component of social interaction , doesn't acknowledge who is providing the child's environment

what are some cons of piaget

first year

erikson - when does trust or mistrust occur

second year

erikson - when does autonomy vs. shame and doubt occur

autonomy vs shame and doubt

balance of independence and guidance

social and emotional well being

infants seek trust, how caregiver will react to different cries effects the baby's what

confidence in self

confidence in others leads to what in the baby

mistrust in a healthy dose, balance but overwhelming trust

what is the balance of trust vs mistrust