MEDI 101 midterms 2 (full terms)

appendicular skeleton

• consists of pectoral and pelvic girdles and appendages

pectoral girdle

• consists of two bones: the scapula (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (collarbone)

clavicle

• is a slender, doubly curved bone

• It attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially and to the scapula laterally where it helps to form the shoulder joint

scapula

• is triangular

• has a flattened body and two important
  process (acromion and coracoid)

glenoid cavity

• articulates with the head of the humerus

humerus

• is the bone of the arm which is a typical long bone

hand

• is made up of 8 carpal bones, with 5 metacarpals and the phalanges of the fingers and thumbs

ulna

• The longer of the two forearm bones

• medial forearm bone

trochlear notch

• the deep fossa that receives the trochlea of the humerus during elbow flexion

olecranon process

• the large prominent proximal end “tip of your elbow”

coronoid process

• the anterior lip of the proximal ulna.

radius

• Lateral forearm bone

• the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

pelvic girdle

• consists of two coxal (hip) bones, joined posterioly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac (SI) joints

• supports trunk of body and protects viscera

coxal bone

• made up of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, all fused at the acetabulum.

thigh

• contains the femur

lower leg

• is made up of of the tibia and fibula

ankle

• contains 7 tarsal bones, and 5 metatarsals make up the three arches (transverse, medial, and lateral longitudinal arches) of the foot

coxae

• or hip bone

• 2

• are joined anteriorly by the pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage)

femur

• Longest, heaviest and strongest bone of body

• Proximal head

• Greater trochanter and lesser trochanter where large muscles attach.

• linea aspera attachment site for the large hip muscles.

patella

• Kneecap

• anterior surface of knee

• Largest flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon.

• Base is superior.

• Inferior narrow apex

tibia

• shin bone

• medial to fibula

• Tibial tuberosity attachment site for the patellar ligament.

• Anterior crest

• Medial malleolus (shapedlike a hammer head

Tibial tuberosity

• attachment site for the patellar ligament.

linea aspera

• attachment site for the large hip muscles

fibula

• Lateral to tibia

• Long, slender

• Head

• Lateral malleolus

• Does not bear any body weight.

joint

• is a site where 2 or more bones come together (articulate)

fibrous joints

• functional: synarthrosis

• Non-movable or barely movable

• The articulating surfaces of bones are joined by fibrous tissue

• ex. sutures, syndesmosis and gomphoses

cartilaginous joints

• functional: amphiarthrosis

• slightly movable

primary cartilaginous joints

• synchondrosis

• The bones are united by a plate or bar of hyaline cartilage.

• ex. Union between the first rib and manubrium sterni

secondary cartilaginous joints

• symphysis

• The bones are united by a plate or bar of fibrocartilage and the articular surfaces are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage

• ex. pubic symphysis and intevertebral discs
  
  

synovial joints

• functional: diarthrosis

• The articular surfaces of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage

• separated by a joint cavity.

• The cavity of the joint is lined by synovial membrane. The articular surfaces are lubricated by a synovial fluid.

hinge joint

• is uniaxial

• found in the elbow, knee and ankle

pivot joint

• is uniaxial

• found in the superior radioulnar and atlanto-axial

condylar joint

• is biaxial

• found in the wrist, metacarpophalangeal joint and metatarsophalangeal joint

plane joint

• is nonaxial

• found in the intercarpal and intertarsal

saddle joint

• is biaxial

• found in the carpometacarpal of the thumb

ball and socket

• is multiaxial

• found in the shoulder and hip

osteoarthritis

• is the most common form of which Knee and hip replacement surgery (Arthroplasty) is now common and successful.

compound

• the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

comminuted

• the bone is splintered, crushed or broken into pieces at the site of impact

• smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments

• common in older people with brittle bones

greenstick

• a partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends

• similar to the way a green twig breaks on one side while the other side stays whole

• occurs only in children whose bones are not fully ossidifed and contain more organic material

impacted

• one end of the fracured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other

• breaking a fall with outstretched arms

radius and ulna

what bones make up the forearm?

surgical neck

• is where the tubular shaft begins and is a common area of fracture

capitulum

what bone is the lateral distal humerous?

trochlea

what bone in the humerus is medial to the capitulum?

false pelvis

which bone has these characteristics?

• lumbar vertebrae posteriorly

• iliac bones laterally

• abdominal wall anteriorly

true pelvis

which bone has these characteristics?

• sacrum and coccyx posteriorly

• lower ilium, ischium, and pubis bones laterally and anteriorly

elbow

knee

ankle

where can you find hinge joints?

superior radioulnar

atlanto-axial

where can you find pivot joints?

wrist
metacarpophalangeal
metatarsophalangeal

where can you find the condylar joint?

intercarpal
intertarsal

where can you find the plane joint?

carpometacarpal of the thumb

where can you find the saddle joint?

shoulder
hip

where can you find the ball and socket joint?

Parallel

• type of fascicle

• Fascicles run parallel to the Long axis of the muscle

• ex. sartorius (strap-like) and biceps brachii (fusiform)

Convergent

• Origin of the muscle is broad

• fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion

• ex. Pectoralis major

Unipennate

• Fascicles insert into one side of the tendon

• ex. Extensor digitorum longus

frontalis

• which muscle raises the eyebrows?

orbicularis oculi

• which muscle closes the eyelids or for blinking?

zygomaticus

• which muscle is used for smiling? (facial expressions)

buccinator

• which muscle is used for chewing or for holding food bolus?

orbicularis oris

• which muscle is responsible for puckering, protruding and closing the lips?

platysma

• which muscle is used to show sadness, surprise, and horror? (facial expressions)

temporalis

• which muscle is used to close the jaw or chew?

occipitalis

• which muscle pulls ths scalp posteriorly?

masseter

• which muscle closes the jaw or is for mastication

sternocleidomastoid

• which muscle flexes the neck and rotates the head laterally?

trapezius

• which muscle is responsible for posture and active movements, extension of the head, shrugging and moving the scapula?

raises eyebrows

• what action does the frontalis muscle do?

closes eyelids
blinks

• what actions does the orbicularis oculi muscle do?

smiling

• what action (facial expressions) does the zygomaticus muscle do?

holding food bolus
chewing

• what action does the buccinator muscle do?

pucker, protrude and close lips

• what actions does the orbicularis oris muscle do?

sadness
surprise
horror

• what actions (facial expressions) does the platysma muscle do?

closes jaw
chewing

• what actions does the temporalis muscle do?

pulls scalp posteriorly

• what action does the occipitalis muscle do?

closes jaw
mastication

• what actions does the masseter muscle do?

flexes neck
rotates the head laterally

• what actions does the sternocleiodmastoid muscle do?

posture and active movements
extends head
shrugs
moves scapula

• what actions are the trapezius muscle resposible for?

deltoid

• which muscle is responsible for the abduction of the arm

abduction

• what action does the deltoid muscle do?

pectoralis major

• which muscle does flexion, adduction and internal rotation of the arm (upper)

flexion, adduction and internal rotation

• which actions does the pectoralis major muscle do on the arm (upper)?

biceps brachii

• which muscle does the flexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm?

flexion of elbow
supination of forearm

• which actions does the biceps brachii muscle do?

brachialis

• which muscle is the elbow flexor?

brachioradialis

• which muscle flexes the forearm at the elbow?

flexes forearm at elbow

• what action is the brachioradialis muscle responsible for?

rectus abdominis

• which muscle flexes the trunk anteriorly?

flexes the trunk anteriorly

• what action does the rectus abdominis muscle do?

transversus abdominis

• which muscle maintains the tone of abdominal organs?

maintains tone of abdominal organs

• which action is the transversus abdominis muscle responsible for?

internal oblique

• which muscle is an accessory muscle, and is the antagonist muscle of the diaphragm (during respiration)

triceps brachii

• which muscle extends the elbow joint?

extension of elbow joint

• what action does the triceps brachii muscle do?

latissimus dorsi

• which muscle adducts and extends the arm at the glenohumreal joint?

adducts and extends arm at glenohumeral joint

• what action does the latissimus dorsi do?

erector spinae

• which muscle straightens the back, rotates the back side to side, extends and flexes the back laterally?

supraspinatus

• which muscle abducts at the glenohumeral joint and is responsible for shoulder stabilization?

infraspinatus

• which muscle externally rotates the shoulder?

teres major and teres minor

• which muscle rotates the humerus?