groupthink

janis

desire for group harmony and consensus overrides realistic critical appraisal of alternatives, leading to harmful decision making

illusion of invulnerability

overconfidence- ‘nothing can go wrong’

collective rationalisation

ignoring warnings, making excuses for contradictory evidence

belief in inherent morality

‘we are good people so our decision must be right’

stereotyping outgroups

dismissing critics as weak, evil or stupid

pressure on dissenters

members who disagree are pressured to conform

self-censorship

individuals keep doubt to themselves

illusion of unanimity

silence is interpreted as agreement

mindguards

some members shield the group from contradictory info