Purposive Communication in English

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards reviewing key concepts, communication models, language varieties, registers, and nonverbal cues from Purposive Communication in English.

Body Language

Non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, and postures.

Tone

A variation in the pitch of the voice while speaking.

Multimodal

The creative use of more than two communication modes to deliver meaning.

Literary analysis

An essay which thoroughly examines a literary piece to arrive at a critical understanding of its message, a clear interpretation of its meanings, and a scholarly appreciation of the writer's techniques.

Informative Speech

A speech that gives information that clarifies or gives ideas on a certain topic either through descriptions, characteristics, or processes.

Persuasive Speech

A form of communication that attempts to persuade or influence people's beliefs, attitudes, intentions, motivations, or behaviors in relation to an event, idea, object, or other persons.

Interview

A verbal exchange of question and answer between two or more persons.

Epistolary

A literary work written in the form of letters.

Intercultural communication

Communication that takes place when people from two different cultural groups interact to exchange ideas and cultural norms in the spirit of understanding and mutual respect.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency or disposition to judge other people's culture with disfavor and to consider one's own as being superior to the other.

Debates

An instructional method that involves students expressing their opinions from two competing perspectives with the goal of contradicting each other's arguments.

Infrastructural Signs

Signs that label things or provide directions for the maintenance of a building or any infrastructure.

Transmission

The process by which the sender, having assigned codes to construct thought symbols (message) comprehensible to participants, sends messages to its recipient.

Flip Charts

A large pad of paper bound so that each page can be turned over at the top to reveal the next, used on a stand at presentations.

PowerPoint

A software package designed to create electronic presentations consisting of a series of separate pages or slides.

Google Classroom

A free blended learning platform developed by Google for educational institutions to simplify creating, distributing, and grading assignments, and to streamline sharing files between teachers and students.

Pidgin

A new language that develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but do not share a common language.

Formal register

A register used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained to specific rules.

Informal register

Also called casual or intimate register; conversational language appropriate when writing to friends and people known very well.

Language register

Also called linguistic register or speech register; describes the way a person speaks in relation to their audience.

Channel

Also called the 'medium' of communication; the means used to exchange or transmit the message.

Semantics

The study of meaning in language.

Intrapersonal communication

Communication with one's self, which may include self-talk, acts of imagination, visualization, recall, and memory.

Visual Communication

A type of communication that uses visuals to convey information and/or messages.

Netizens

Citizens of the virtual world.

Native Language

The primary language of the majority population of a country.

Protagoras

Regarded as the Father of Debate.

Aristotle

Regarded as the Father of Modern Communication.

Proofreading

Checking the final copy to ensure that it is free from typographical errors.

Plagiarism

The 'wrongful appropriation' and 'stealing and publication' of another author's 'language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions' and the representation of them as one's own original work.

Semiotics

The study of making meaning and the connection between a sign or symbol.

Global village

A concept emphasizing that all different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.

Globalization

The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

Frozen Register

Historic language intended to remain unchanged, such as Panatang Makabayan, the Philippine Constitution, and the Holy Bible.

Communication

A process of exchanging facts, ideas, and opinions as a means for individuals or organizations to share meaning and understanding with one another.

Demonstration Speech

A speech that shows listeners how some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves.

Descriptive Speech

A speech intended to provide a detailed, vivid word picture of a person, animal, place, or object.

Explanatory Speech

A speech focusing on reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options.

Persuasion

A literary technique that writers use to present their ideas through reason and logic in order to influence the audience.

Eulogy

A speech given in honor of someone who has died.

Manuscript speaking

Speech delivery that involves reading a speech word-for-word from its written form.

Proxemics

The study of the use of space and distance in communication.

Object Language

The use of objects, clothes, or accessories to aid communication.

Jargon

The specialized terminology associated with a particular field or area of activity.

Articulation

The formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech.

Pragmatics

The practical use of language.

Vernacular

The language common to people regardless of age, social class, gender, or race.

Consultative Register

A register used in conversation when speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering advice.

Extemporaneous speech

A speech delivered with some prepared structure, such as notes or an outline, but otherwise delivered off-the-cuff.

Regional Dialect

A variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country that is not distinct from a national language.

World Englishes

As defined by CelceMurcia (2014), the regionally distinct varieties of English that have arisen in parts of the world with a long and often colonial history of English being used in education, commerce, and government.

Social Media

A group of internet-based applications that build on ideological and technological foundations to allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010).

Phonology

A system of pairing sounds with a certain meaning, functioning as a rule-based code.

Language Acquisition

The process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language as well as to produce and use words.

Decoding

The process by which the receiver interprets the symbols used by the source of the message by converting them into concepts and ideas.

Single Strand Communication

A communication network where information flows sequentially from one person to the next.

Probability Chain

A communication pattern under which information passes randomly from person to person.

Cluster chain

A pattern where an individual source transmits information to a pre-selected group, out of whom a few individuals pass the message to other selected groups.

Gossip Chain

A group conversation where everyone communicates with each other informally.

The Seven C's of Communication

A list of principles for effective written and spoken communication: clarity, correctness, conciseness, courtesy, concreteness, consideration, and completeness.

Legalese

Formal and technical language of legal documents that is often hard to understand.

Upward communication

The process in which employees directly communicate with upper management to provide feedback, share ideas, and raise concerns regarding day-to-day work.

Downward Communication

Organizational communication flowing down from leadership, exemplified by manuals and policy statements.

Encoder

The individual or group that develops the message to be communicated to internal and external parties.

Linguistic landscape

Visible items that do not necessarily need words to express a thought, such as street names, billboards, and signages.

Geosemiotics

A mode of analyzing signs in which various elements of a sign have meaning and symbolize the intended message.

Regulatory signs

A kind of sign that indicates authority and official or legal prohibitions.

Commercial signs

Signs that advertise or promote a product, an event, or a service in commerce.

Lasswell's Communication Model

A model that describes communication by defining who said it, what was said, in what channel it was said, to whom it was said, and with what effect it was said.

Aristotle's Linear Model

A communication model best used to develop public speaking skills or create propaganda.

Barnlund's Transactional Model

A communication model emphasizing a multi-layered feedback system where anyone can be a sender and receiver at the same time, with shared field of experience as its strength.

Dance's Helical Model

A communication model that disagrees with individual linearity and circularity, introducing the concept of time and a continuous communication process.

Shannon and Weaver's Transmission Model

Also called the 'Mathematical Theory of Communication' or 'Mother of all Models'; it breaks human communication into sender, encoder, channel, noise, decoder, and receiver.

Schramm's Interactive Model

A communication model positing that information is of no use unless and until it is carefully put into words and conveyed to others.

Mass Communication

A process of transferring communication to large audiences using verbal and written media.

Haptics

A form of non-verbal interaction involving touch.

Horizontal communication

Also called lateral communication; the practice of sharing information between employees, departments, and units within the same level of an organization.

David Berlo's SMCR Model

A communication model representing communication in its simplest form, where SMCR stands for Sender, Message, Channel, and Receiver.

Ethical Communicator

A communicator characterized as Egalitarian, Respectful, and Trustworthy.

Feedback

The response given after a message has been successfully transmitted, received, and understood, indicating comprehension via verbal, written, or actionable form.

Kinesics

The study of the way in which certain body movements and gestures serve as a form of nonverbal communication.

Physiological noise

Internal bodily interferences such as hunger, fatigue, headache, or stress that prevent full attention during communication.

Semantic noise

Noise that occurs when the receiver struggles to understand the words, language, dialects, vernaculars, or grammatical structure of the message.

Listening

A mental operation involving processing sound waves, interpreting their meaning, and storing their meaning in memory.

Reading

A process involving word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

Four macro skills of communication

Listening, talking/speaking, reading, and writing.

Dyslexia

A learning disability in which people have difficulty learning to read.

Syntax

The way in which words are put together.

Impromptu Speech

A type of speech that one is asked to deliver with little or no preparation.

Communication mode

The channel through which one expresses his/her communicative intent.