biology exam 2

Eukaryotic cell

Contains membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles that carry out different functions

Prokaryotic cells

Contains no nucleus or membrane bound organelles, DNA stored in cytoplasm, has ribosomes to make proteins

Animal cells

Contains centriole’s which other cells dont have

Plant cells

Contains chloroplast, cell walls, and vacuoles other cells dont have

Exocytosis

Vesicles enclose a particle, then merge with the plasma membrane to shuttle molecules outside cell

Tight junction

Water tight seal between animal cells

Desmosomes

Velcro like seal between cells

Gap junction

Acts like a secret passageway between animal cells

Tonicity

Relationship between concentration of solutes inside and outside a cell

Hypotonic

Concentration inside of cell is higher than outside

Isotonic

Concentration inside and outside of cell are equal

Hypertonic

Concentration outside of cell is higher than inside

Osmosis

Passive diffusion of water across cell membrane

Passive transport

Without energy, high → low concentration

Simple diffusion

Part of passive transport, molecules travel through cell membrane directly from high to low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

Part of passive transport, molecules move through membrane channels from high to low concentrations

Active transport

Uses energy, from low to high concentration

Primary active transport

Part of active transport, Uses ATP directly to move molecules from low to high concentrations

Secondary active transport

Part of active transport, Transport proteins obtain energy in a indirect method

Plasmodesmata

Tube like channels that connect plant cells to each other

Nucleus

Genetic control center, stores hereditary information

Cilla

Short projections that beat swiftly to move fluid along past cell

Flagella

Long, microtubule - based structures that move cells through environment

Photosynthesis

Plants capture energy from sun - stored in chemical bonds of sugars and food

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion

Cellular respiration

Organisms release energy stored in chemical bonds of food they eat

Potential energy

Energy stored in an object

Thermodynamics

Study of the transformation of energy from one form to another

1st law of thermodynamics

Energy is never created or destroyed, only converted

2nd law of thermodynamics

Not every conversation is perfectly efficient, some energy is converted to heat

Reactants for photosynthesis

Sunlight + water + carbon dioxide

Products of photosynthesis

Oxygen + sugar (glucose)

photo reactions

Sunlight + water into chlorophyll lead to energy molecules (ATP + NADPH) and oxygen

Synthesis reactions

Energy molecules (ATP + NADPH) + carbon dioxide enter calvin cycle to become sugar

Reactants of cellular respiration

Oxygen + sugar

Products of cellular respiration

Carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Glycolysis

Converts glucose into pyruvate, preparatory and payoff phase for net gain of +2 ATP/ +2 NADH

Preparatory phase (glycolysis)

(-2 ATP) ATP is spent to initiate glycolysis

Payoff phase (glycolysis)

(+2 ATP +2NADH) ATP is formed, NADH Is made as an electron carrier

Dna

Contains instructions for development and functioning of all living organisms

James watson, francis crick

Found structure of dna

Genes

Sections of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins

Locus

Position of a gene on a chromosome

Genome

An organisms complete set of dna

Chromosome

One or more unique pieces if DNA

Alleles

Different versions if a gene that code for the same feature

Trait

Any single characteristic or feature of an organism

Introns

Non-coding regions within genes

Junk Dna

Not all dna contains instructions for making proteins

Genotype

Genes that an organism carries for a trait

Phenotype

Physical manifestation of the genes for a trait

Transcription

Information coded in DNA is copied into mRNA

Gene exprssion

Production of the protein a gene codes for

Gene regulation

Whether a gene is turned on or off

Transcription factors

Proteins that bind to specific sites on DNA

Positive control

Initiates or speeds up gene expression

Negative control

Slows or blocks gene expression

Operon

A group of several genes, along with elements that control their expression as a unit

Promoter

Region of DNA RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to produce mRNA transcript of gene

Operator

Region of DNA that represser protein binds to block RNA polymerse from transcripting genes

Mutation

Alterations to sequence of bases in DNA

Point mutations

Nucleotide substitution, nucleotide insertion, nucleotide deletion

Chromosomal aberrations

Gene deletion, gene relocation, gene duplication

Cytoskeleton

Provides structural shape and support and enables cellular movement

Mitochondrion

Harvest energy for cellular functions

Lysosome

Digest and recycles cellular waste products and consumed material

Rough ER

Modifes proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism

Smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules

Golgi apparatus

Processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules

Cell wall

Provides structural strength, protection, and increased resistance to water loss

Vacuole

Stores nutrients, degrades waste, contains pigments, and provides structural support

Chloroplast

Performs photosynthesis