UNF General Biology 1 Exam 2 cell structure and function

What are the 3 tenets of the cell theory?

1. All organisms are composed of cells

2. Cells are the smallest living things

3. Cells only form from pre-existing cells

What are the 2 types of cells?

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic

What does a Eukaryotic cell have?

has membrane-enclosed organelles

What are the 4 common components found in both

prokaryotes & eukaryotes?

1. Plasma membrane

2. Cytoplasm

3. DNA

4. Ribosomes

What’s the role of the plasma

membrane?

Maintains internal conditions;

selectively decides what

goes in and what goes out of

the cell

What is the plasma membrane made of?

phospholipid bilayer

What is the cytoplasm?

Jelly-like fluid within the cell

that holds other cellular

components

What 2 things does the cytoplasm do?

- Helps determine and

maintain cell shape

- Aids in cell division

Describe shape of DNA in eukaryotes

Multiple,

linear double strands

Describe shape of DNA in prokaryotes

Single, circular

double strand

What do ribosomes do?

Make proteins

What are ribosomes made of?

RNA & other

proteins; large and

small subunits

What 2 domains are made up of prokaryotic cells?

Bacteria & Archaea

What is the nucleoid? What does it

do?

Where DNA is found

What is the function of the cell wall?

support and

protection

What is the function of the Flagellum

movement

What is the function of the Capsule & Pili?

for

attachment

Which cell type is smaller?

Prokaryotic cells

Why is it beneficial for cells to be small?

Allows for quick exchange with the surrounding environment

Allows for fast transport of materials within the cell

What happens if a cell gets too big

changes shape, divides, or dies

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Carb, lipid, steroid factory

What level of the protein structure do ribosomes make?

primary structure

What is the function of the rough ER?

Protein folding and modification factory

What is the function of the golgi apparatus

US postal service

What is the function of the peroxisome

detoxification

What is the function of the nucleus

genetic library

What is the function of the vacuoles and vesicles

storage and transport

which organelles have one phospholipid bilayer?

plasma membrane and peroxisome

which organelles have two phospholipid bilayers?

mitochondria, nucleus

Which organelle is attached to the nucleus?

Rough ER

What process occurs inside of the mitochondria?

cellular respiration

What is cellular respiration?

Process using oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients to

make ATP

What is ATP?

The cell’s main energy-carrying molecule

What 5 organelles are involved in the synthesis of a protein?

nucleus, ribosome, rough ER, vesicles, Golgi apparatus

What is step one in protein synthesis?

Nucleus codes

information for

the protein

What is step two in protein synthesis?

information

leaves the nucleus

as mRNA

What is step three in protein synthesis?

mRNA enters the Ribosome and the

primary structure of the polypeptide

chain is produced

What is step four in protein synthesis?

Polypeptide chain

travels to the

Rough ER

What is step five in protein synthesis?

Protein folding occurs in the rough ER. Both regular ribosome and free floating ribsomes can be attached to the rough ER

What is step six in protein synthesis?

Transport vesicles

bring proteins to the

Golgi apparatus

What is step seven in protein synthesis?

Golgi

apparatus

sorts, packs,

and tags proteins

What is the last step in protein synthesis?

Completed protein then enters a

secretory vesicle and is transported

around or out of the cell

What is an organelle fold in the mitochondria called

Cristae

What are organelle folds in the ER and Golgi Apparatus called?

Cisternae

What does the cell wall do?

protects the cell, provides structural

support, and gives shape to the cell

What does the large central vacuole do?

regulates the cell’s

concentration of water

What unique features do both

chloroplasts and mitochondria have?

- Inner and outer membranes

- Their own ribosomes

- Their own DNA

What 3 components are found inside chloroplasts?

1. Thylakoids

3. Chlorophyll

2. Stroma

What are stacks of thylakoids called?

Granum (plural = grana)

What is the Thylakoid?

fluid-filled sac where light harvesting

reactions take place

What is the stroma?

the fluid enclosed by the inner membrane

What is chlorophyll?

green pigment that captures light energy and drives

photosynthesis

What 2 organelles do animal cells have that are not found in plant cells?

1. Lysosome

2. Centrosome

What does the lysosome do?

cell’s garbage disposal; breaks

down proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic

acids, and old organelles

What does the centrosome do?

Produces and organizes

microtubules

Where is the cytoskeleton found?

In the cytoplasm

What are the 4 primary functions of the cytoskeleton?

1. Maintain cell’s shape

2. Keep organelles in place

Cytoskeleton

3. Allow cytoplasm and vesicle movement

4. Help cells move around each other in

multicellular organisms

What are the 3 types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?

1. Microfilaments

2. Intermediate filaments

3. Microtubules

What do microfilaments do?

cellular movement,

cell division, structural support

What do intermediate filaments do?

structural

support only; anchor organelles in place

What do microtubules do?

provide guard rails for vesicle movement, aid in cell

division, make up flagella, cilia, and centrioles

Which part of the cytoskeleton is responsible for structure only?

intermediate filaments

What are the 2 ways that cells communicate with one another?

Intercellular junctions, extracellular matrix (ECM)

What are intercellular junctions called in plant cells?

Plasmodesmata

What are plasmodesmata?

Channels that punctuate cell walls,

creating connections between the

cytoplasm of adjacent cells that allow for

transport and communication

What are the three types of intercellular junctions in animal cells called?

1. Desmosomes

2. Tight junctions

3. Gap junctions

What are tight junctions?

watertight seal between

two cells held together by proteins

What are desmosomes?

single contact point that

adheres cells together

What are desmosomes made of?

Cadherins, Keratin

What are gap junctions?

Channels between

adjacent cells

What are gap junctions formed from?

connexin proteins

What are the 3 functions of the ECM?

1. Provides structural and biochemical

support to surrounding cells

2. Holds cells together to form tissues

3. Cell signaling

Which 3 parts help maintain structure and shape?

Plasma membrane, Cytoskeleton, ECM

What is a glycoprotein

A type of carbohydrate that consists of