Exam 3 - Renal, Female and Male Reproductive, and Endocrine

Renal and Urologic Disorders signs

costovertebral pain, nausea, vomiting

Renal Pain

Ureteral Pain

Bladder Pain

Renal and Urinary Tract Risk Factors

60+, hypertension, african, hispanic

murphy’s test

Basic working unit of the kidney that filters blood and makes urine

Nephron

A tight cluster of tiny blood vessels that acts as a filter

Glomerulus

A cup-shaped sac that surrounds the glomerulus and catches the filtered fluid

Bowman’s Capsule

Long narrow tube attached to the capsule

Renal Tubule

Symptoms of Urogenital Disorders

dysuria, frequency, urgency, hematuria, pain

Urogenital Disorders Tests

murphy’s test, urine analysis, BUN

UTI Risk Factor

female, age, post surgery

Cystitis Signs

fever, suprapubic pain,

pyelonephritis Signs

symptoms of cystitis, nausea, vomiting, back pain

Signs with Geriatric Population

confusion, falls, lethargy

UTI testing

urinalysis, culture, imaging

UTI treatment

antibiotics

Most common Kidney stone

calcium oxalate

Kidney Stone risk factors

male, age, low urine, decreased calcium

Kidney stones signs

ab pain, vomiting, ect.

Kidney Stone Testing

urine analysis, imaging, stone analysis

Kidney Stone Treatment

medication, fluids, cystoscopy

Prerenal Causes

shock, dehydration, hypertension

Renal causes

nephrotic syndrome, nephritic syndrome

Postrenal causes

kidney stones, medications

Renal Insufficiency

20-35%, anemia, hypertension, feel well

Renal Failure

<20%, metabolic acidosis, edema, CV and GI symptoms

End Stage Renal Disease

<5%, all body systems effected, uremia

uremia

kidney failure results in high levels of waste in blood

BUN normal

7-20

uremia treatment

renal replacemnet

Urge Incontinence

Bladder contractions overwhelm the ability of brain to inhibit them

Stress Incontinence

Urine leaks when intra-abdominal pressure increases

Overflow Incontinence

Urine accumulates in bladder until maximum capacity reached

Endometriosis

uterus tissue grows outside of uterus

Endometriosis signs

pelvic pain, swelling before and during mensturation

Endometriosis treatment

NSAID, surgery, medications

Ectopic Pregnancy

fertilized egg develops outside of uterus

Ectopic Pregnancy risk factors

history of pelvic surgery, Endometriosis, previous ectopic

Ectopic Pregnancy signs

LQ pain, bleeding in between menstruation

Ectopic Pregnancy treatment

surgery, fallopian tube removal

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

An infection of the upper female reproductive organs

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease signs

LQ pain, fever

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease treatment

antibiotics, avoid sexual intercourse

Ovarian Cancer signs

abdominal bloating

Ovarian Cancer treatment

surgery

Cystocele

bladder bulges into vaginal canal

Rectocele

Rectum bulges into vaginal canal

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Lumen of the urethra then becomes narrowed resulting in urinary outflow obstruction 

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia signs

weak urinary stream, urinary retention

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia testing

urine analysis, ultrasound, blood test

Acute Urinary Retention

inablilty to urinate

Prostate Cancer risk factor

age, black, FH

Prostate Cancer testing

blood test, ultrasound

Prostate Cancer treatment

radiotherapy, observation

Testicular Torsion

Twisting of the testicle resulting in blockage of testicular vessels

Testicular Torsion

surgery

Hydrocele

Fluid-filled sack inside the scrotum

Hydrocele signs

painless scrotal swelling

Varicocele

Abnormal tortuosity and dilation of the venous plexus

Varicocele signs

asymptomatic, mass posterior and above testies

Physiology of Pregnancy cardiovascular

increased hr, co, bp

Physiology of Pregnancy: Pulmonary

elevates diaphragm, higher o2 rate

Physiology of Pregnancy: Musculoskeletal

shift in center of gravity, lumbar lordosis, back pain

exercise during pregancy

150 mins/week aerobic exercise

signs to discontinue exercise

vaginal bleeding, chest pain, dizziness, headache

avoid what with pregnant paitents

supine, plyometrics

Brest Cancer risk factors

female, age, white, genetics

Brest Cancer Signs

skin dimpling, skin changes, palpable mass

Brest Cancer Tests

mammogram, ultrasound

2014 Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

menstrual function, energy availability, bone mineral density

Primary amenorrhea

no menses before 16 or 5 years after puberty

Secondary amenorrhea

absences of menses for 3 consecutive months

Oligomenorrhea-cycle

less than 9 cycles in a year

Osteoporosis

z score < -2

Osteopenia

z score betweem -1 - -1.9 and stress fx

Endocrine glands

Organs that make and release chemicals (hormones) into the bloodstream

Feedback Loop for diabetes

negative feedback loop

diabetes Risk factors

obesity, age, physical inactivity, birth to baby > 9 lbs

Function of Insulin

open channels to allow glucose into cells

Dibetes type I

autoimmune disorder, little to no insulin production

Dibetes type II

Insulin resistant, cells are not responding to insulin

polyuria

High blood glucose forces kidneys to work overtime-

polydipsia

Increased kidney function trying to pull glucose out of the blood leads to increased water being pulled out of cells-

polyphagia

Little glucose transported into cells

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

occurs in type I, blood sugar out of control

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Coma

common in type II, blood sugar out of control

Diabetes signs

blurry vision, fatigue, metal confusion, high insulin levels

HgbA₁C Normal

< 5.7, in DM < 6.5

blood sugar to avoid exercise and give carbs to reassess

< 100 or > 250

Thyroid Hormone

Regulate speed and function of every cell tissue organ in body

Hyperthyroidism

Excess thyroid hormone production

Hyperthyroidism Signs

Nervousness, tachycardia, fatigue, eye protusion, goiter

Hyperthyroidism treatment

surgery, mediactions

Hypothyroidism

Inadequate thyroid hormone production

Hypothyroidism signs

fatigue, weight gain, depression, joint stiffness, bradycardia

Hypothyroidism treatment

blood tests T4 T3