lifespan occupations

midterm

What is the purpose of the ICF?

The WHO framework describes functioning and disability in context using a shared language. It uses a biopsychosocial perspective.

What are the main ICF components?

Body functions and structures; activities and participation; environmental factors; and personal factors. Personal factors are recognized but are not classified with ICF codes.

How do impairment, activity limitation, and participation restriction differ?

Impairment: a body function or structure problem. Activity limitation: difficulty doing a task. Participation restriction: difficulty being involved in a life situation.

What is the purpose of OTPF 4?

It describes occupational therapy’s domain and process and guides occupation centered practice to support participation.

What are the five areas of the OT domain?

Occupations; contexts; performance patterns; performance skills; and client factors.

What are the nine occupation categories in OTPF 4?

ADLs, IADLs, health management, rest and sleep, education, work, play, leisure, and social participation.

What are contexts in OTPF 4?

Environmental factors and personal factors that influence participation.

What are performance patterns?

Habits, routines, roles, and rituals.

What are performance skills?

Observable, goal directed actions: motor skills, process skills, and social interaction skills.

What are client factors?

Values, beliefs, spirituality, body functions, and body structures.

What are the three main steps of the OT process?

Evaluation, intervention, and outcomes. Evaluation includes the occupational profile and analysis of occupational performance.

An OTR watches HOW a child jumps on one foot. Which domain area is assessed?

Performance skills, especially motor skills such as stabilizes and coordinates. A separate test of strength or balance would assess client factors.

What is the medical model of disability?

Locates the problem primarily within the individual’s condition or impairment; emphasizes diagnosis, treatment, or remediation.

What is the social model of disability?

Emphasizes how inaccessible environments, exclusion, and attitudes create disabling barriers; focuses on access and social change.

Why do both models matter in OT?

OT can address body function and task skills while changing environments and advocating for participation. A diagnosis alone does not explain occupational performance.

What is an example of medical versus social approaches?

For a student using a wheelchair: medical approach addresses physical function; social approach addresses stairs, inaccessible bathrooms, and exclusion from school activities.

What age range is the neonatal stage?

Birth through about 1 month.

What age range is infancy?

Approximately birth to 12 months; some developmental texts use birth to 2 years.

What age range is toddlerhood?

Approximately 1 to 3 years.

What age range is preschool or early childhood?

Approximately 3 to 5 or 6 years.

What age range is middle childhood?

Approximately 6 to 12 years.

What age range is adolescence?

Approximately 12 to 18 years in many course texts; definitions can extend to 19 or beyond.

What do cephalocaudal and proximodistal development mean?

Cephalocaudal: head toward feet. Proximodistal: trunk toward hands and fingers.

What is a primitive reflex?

An early automatic response to a specific stimulus that supports early survival or movement before voluntary control matures.

What does an integrated primitive reflex mean?

The response is no longer obligatory as higher nervous system control develops, allowing flexible voluntary movement.

What does a retained or persistent primitive reflex mean?

The response continues beyond its expected developmental period and may interfere with voluntary tasks. Interpretation requires a full assessment.

What are rooting and sucking reflexes for?

Rooting turns the head toward cheek or mouth stimulation to locate food; sucking supports early feeding. Rooting usually fades around 3–4 months; sucking becomes increasingly voluntary.

What is the Moro reflex and its usual integration age?

A sudden loss of support or startling stimulus produces arm opening/extension followed by flexion. It is an early protective/startle response and usually integrates by about 4–6 months.

What is the palmar grasp reflex and its usual integration age?

Pressure in the palm causes involuntary finger flexion; early grasping response. Usually integrates around 4–6 months, allowing voluntary grasp and release.

What is the plantar grasp reflex and its usual integration age?

Pressure near the base of the toes causes toe flexion. Usually fades around 9–12 months as standing and walking develop.

What is ATNR and its usual integration age?

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex: head turning produces extension on the face side and flexion on the skull side. Often linked to early hand regard; usually integrates around 4–6 months.

How can retained ATNR affect occupations?

Head turning can trigger unwanted arm movements and interfere with midline crossing, two handed tasks, or writing.

What is STNR and its usual timing?

Symmetric tonic neck reflex: neck flexion produces arm flexion and leg extension; neck extension produces the reverse. Emerges about 6–9 months and usually integrates by 9–12 months; relates to early quadruped positioning.

What is the tonic labyrinthine reflex or TLR?

Head/body position relative to gravity influences flexor or extensor tone. It relates to early antigravity control. Age ranges depend on how TLR is defined in the course; verify the slide.

What is the spinal Galant reflex and its usual integration age?

Stroking one side of the back produces trunk curvature toward that side. It is an early trunk response and usually fades around 2–6 months.

What is the automatic stepping reflex?

Supported upright with feet touching a surface, the newborn makes stepping movements. It typically diminishes around 1–2 months; later walking is voluntary and is not simply this reflex persisting.

What is the Babinski response in infants?

Stroking the sole produces great toe extension and toe fanning. It can be typical until about 12–24 months as descending pathways mature.

What is the Landau reaction?

When held prone horizontally, the infant extends the head, trunk, and legs. Emerges around 3–4 months and diminishes around 12–24 months; supports antigravity extension.

What are righting reactions?

Responses that orient the head upright and align the head and trunk; support rolling and posture. Different righting reactions emerge at different times.

What are equilibrium responses?

Automatic trunk and limb adjustments to keep or restore balance when the center of gravity shifts; support stable sitting, standing, and moving.

What are protective extension reactions?

Putting out the arms to prevent injury when balance is lost. Common approximate sitting ranges: forward 6–7 months, sideways 7–8 months, backward 9–10 months; persist.

How do reflexes and reactions affect occupational engagement?

They influence feeding, reaching, release, posture, mobility, and safe play. Mature postural reactions support participation; obligatory primitive responses can restrict it.

An 18 month old grips a toy but cannot release it into a bucket. What is the likely exam answer?

Possible retained palmar grasp reflex disrupting play. Also consider voluntary release, tone, understanding, and motor control; one observation does not establish the cause.

What is Piaget’s central idea?

Children actively construct knowledge through interaction with the world; ways of thinking change across developmental stages.

What is Piaget’s sensorimotor stage and age?

Birth to about 2 years. Learning through senses and actions; object permanence develops.

What is object permanence?

Understanding that an object continues to exist when it cannot be seen.

What is Piaget’s preoperational stage and age?

About 2–7 years. Symbolic play and language grow; reasoning is often egocentric and focused on one feature.

What is Piaget’s concrete operational stage and age?

About 7–11 years. Logical thinking about concrete situations; conservation, classification, and reversibility develop.

What is Piaget’s formal operational stage and age?

About 12 years onward. Abstract, hypothetical, and systematic reasoning become possible; use depends on experience and context.

What are assimilation and accommodation?

Assimilation fits new information into an existing schema; accommodation changes the schema to fit new information.

What are conservation and centration?

Conservation: quantity stays the same despite a change in appearance. Centration: focusing on one feature while ignoring others.

Polly is 10 months old and cries when her ball goes behind the couch. Which theory and stage fit?

Piaget, sensorimotor stage, with developing object permanence. She may know the ball exists and be upset she cannot reach it; crying alone does not show absent object permanence.

What is Erikson’s central idea?

Development involves psychosocial conflicts shaped by relationships and opportunities across the lifespan.

What is Erikson’s infancy conflict?

Trust versus mistrust, about birth–1 year: consistent responsive care supports security.

What is Erikson’s toddler conflict?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt, about 1–3 years: trying to do tasks independently.

What is Erikson’s preschool conflict?

Initiative versus guilt, about 3–6 years: starting activities, planning play, and trying new roles.

What is Erikson’s middle childhood conflict?

Industry versus inferiority, about 6–12 years: competence through schoolwork, hobbies, and peer activities.

What is Erikson’s adolescent conflict?

Identity versus role confusion: exploring values, roles, and a sense of self.

What are Erikson’s adult conflicts?

Young adulthood: intimacy versus isolation. Middle adulthood: generativity versus stagnation. Later adulthood: integrity versus despair. Exact age ranges vary.

What is attachment theory?

Bowlby emphasized the caregiver bond as a secure base; Ainsworth studied patterns of separation and reunion behavior.

How do secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized attachment patterns differ?

Secure: seeks and benefits from comfort. Avoidant: avoids contact. Resistant/ambivalent: seeks contact but resists comfort. Disorganized: contradictory or disoriented behavior.

A child protests separation, remains upset, and avoids the returning parent’s embrace. Which theory fits?

Attachment theory. The vignette mixes cues: prolonged distress may suggest resistant attachment, while reunion avoidance suggests avoidant attachment. The best supported answer is insecure attachment; do not assign a subtype confidently from this description alone.

What is Vygotsky’s main idea?

Learning develops through social interaction, culture, language, and support from more skilled people.

What are the zone of proximal development and scaffolding?

ZPD: tasks possible with help but not yet independently. Scaffolding: temporary, adjusted support that is reduced as competence grows.

What is Bandura’s social cognitive theory?

People learn by observing models; behavior, personal factors, and environment influence each other. Self efficacy is belief in one’s ability to succeed.

What is classical conditioning?

Learning an association between stimuli, such as a previously neutral cue becoming linked to an automatic response.

What is operant conditioning?

Consequences influence behavior. Reinforcement increases behavior; punishment decreases it. Negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant and is not punishment.

What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?

Development occurs within interacting systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.

What are examples of ecological systems?

Micro: home/classroom. Meso: parent–teacher relationship. Exo: caregiver workplace. Macro: culture/policies. Chrono: changes over time.

What is dynamic systems theory?

Motor skills emerge from interaction among the person, task, and environment rather than from maturation alone.

What are information processing and maturational approaches?

Information processing examines attention, memory, and processing strategies. Maturational approaches emphasize biological readiness and developmental sequences.

What are Freud’s psychosexual stages if included in the slides?

Oral: birth–1 year; anal: 1–3; phallic: 3–6; latency: 6–puberty; genital: puberty onward. Historical theory; not equivalent to modern evidence based developmental assessment.

What is Kohlberg’s moral development theory if included?

Preconventional: consequences and self interest. Conventional: approval, rules, and social order. Postconventional: principles and rights; not everyone reaches this level.

How does object grasp generally progress?

Early reflexive grasp → voluntary whole hand/ulnar grasp → radial palmar and radial digital grasp → inferior pincer → neat pincer; control and release improve with practice.

What is a pincer grasp and when does it develop?

Thumb and index finger grasp a small object. Inferior pincer often appears around 8–9 months; neat fingertip pincer around 10–12 months.

Lan wraps all four fingers around one side of a pencil and her thumb around the other. What grasp is likely?

A whole hand or palmar grasp, likely palmar supinate if the palm faces upward. Typical in early toddlerhood, roughly 1–2 years. Palm/wrist position is needed to confirm the exact subtype.

What is the usual pencil grasp progression?

Palmar supinate → digital pronate → static tripod/quadrupod → dynamic tripod/quadrupod. Functional variation is common.

What is a digital pronate grasp and its approximate age?

Pencil held with fingers pointing down and forearm pronated; larger arm movements. Common around 2–3 years.

What is a static tripod grasp and its approximate age?

Thumb, index, and middle finger hold the pencil, with movement mainly from the wrist/arm. Common around 3½–4 years.

What is a dynamic tripod grasp and its approximate age?

Thumb, index, and middle finger hold the pencil while small finger movements control it. Common around 4½–6 years.

Is a tripod grasp the only functional pencil grasp?

No. Some quadrupod or other grasps are functional; comfort, control, endurance, and legibility matter.

What is the likely first graphomotor step among create, copy, imitate, and trace?

Likely imitate: watch someone make a stroke and reproduce it. A common learning sequence is imitate → copy → create. Tracing is a support strategy rather than a universal developmental stage; verify the course sequence.

How do imitation, copying, tracing, and creating differ?

Imitate: reproduce a live demonstration. Copy: reproduce a finished model. Trace: follow existing lines. Create: produce a form without a model.

How do prewriting forms generally progress?

Scribbling → vertical/horizontal strokes → circle → cross → square → diagonals/triangle. Exact mastery ages depend on task and assessment.

What are bilateral coordination and in hand manipulation?

Bilateral coordination uses both hands together, often with one stabilizing. In hand manipulation moves an object within one hand through translation, shift, or rotation.

Why is play an important developmental occupation?

It is meaningful in itself and supports movement, thinking, communication, emotion regulation, creativity, and relationships.

What is Parten’s social play progression?

Unoccupied → solitary → onlooker → parallel → associative → cooperative. Categories coexist and are not rigid stages.

What is unoccupied play?

Exploratory or apparently random movement without sustained organized play; especially evident in infancy.

What is solitary play?

Playing independently without engaging other children; common in infancy and toddlerhood and remains appropriate later.

What is onlooker play and its approximate emergence?

Watching others play without joining; commonly seen around age 2, though observation occurs earlier.

What is parallel play and its approximate emergence?

Playing beside other children with similar materials but little coordination; common around 2–3 years.

What is associative play and its approximate emergence?

Sharing materials and interacting without a shared organized goal; commonly around 3–4 years.

What is cooperative play and its approximate emergence?

Playing toward a shared goal with roles or rules; increasingly common around 4–5 years and beyond.

A child watches two children in a sandbox with interest. Which play category and stage?

Onlooker play; commonly toddlerhood, around age 2. Watching alone does not indicate a developmental problem.

What are functional, constructive, symbolic, and rule based play?

Functional: repeated actions/exploration. Constructive: making something. Symbolic: pretend roles or objects. Games with rules: organized play with agreed expectations.

What type of play most closely relates to language development?

Symbolic or pretend play: words and pretend objects both represent something else. Social pretend play also builds dialogue and storytelling.

How does play relate to other developmental areas?

Object exploration supports sensorimotor learning; building supports spatial and fine motor skills; pretend supports representation; shared games support cooperation and regulation.

What are useful early infancy milestones to review?

Increasing head control, hands toward midline, social engagement, and reaching. Review your slides for exact months and distinctions between emergence and mastery.

What are useful later infancy milestones to review?

Sitting, mobility, transferring objects, pincer grasp, purposeful release, and object permanence. Not all infants use the same mobility sequence.

What are useful toddler milestones to review?

Walking and climbing, scribbling, emerging utensil use, simple pretend play, growing language, and helping with dressing.