Biology Animal Section

Choanoflagellats

unicellular, closest relative in opisthokonta

Metazoa

animals + eukaryotes

Traits of metazoa

no cell wall, multicellular, heterotrophic

Porifera/Parazoa

sponges, no true tissues or symmetry; larvae=free swimming; adults; sessile

Eumetazoa defining characteristics

True tissue & true symmetry

Radiata: Defining characteristics

Radial symmetry and diploblastic (two layers of cells)

Dipoblastic graph?

Endoderm + Ectoderm (mesoglea is middle stuff)

Groups within Radiata:

Ctentophora & Cnidaria

Ctentophora

Comb jellies (sea walnut) (bioluminescent)

Cnidarians

Jellyfish, coral (dinoflagelletes live in symbiosis), sea anemones, hydrozoans

Cnidarians body forms?

Medusa + Polyp

Bilateria: Defining characteristics

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

Bilateria graph? + Gastrulation

Differences between acoelomates, pseudocolomates, coelomate

Acoelomates have no body cavity, pseudocoelomates have a partial or "false" cavity inbetween gut and the mesoderm, and coelomates have a true, fully lined cavity fully within the mesoderm. between the

Protostomes defining characteristics

Mouth forms first

Protostomes: Groups

Lophotrochozoa & Ecdyzoans

Lophotrochozoa: groups

Bryzoa & brachiopods (lophophore), mollusca, annelida (trochophore), flatworms

Difference between lophophore and trochophore

Characterized by a tentacle feeding structure (lophophore) or a free-swimming larval stage with bands of cilia (trochophore).

Mollusca groups + body plan

Bivalves (clams, etc), cephlapods (squid, octopus, etc), gastropods (snails + slugs)

Ecdysozoa (molting) Groups

Nematods (roundworms) and the Arthropods

Arthropoda characteristics

Exoskeleton, segmentation, jointed appendages, molting

Groups in arthropoda

Chelicerata, hexapoda, myriapoda, crustacea

Chelicerata

Arachnids

Hexapoda

Insects + springtails

Myriapoda

Centipedes (carnivorus + 1 pair of appendages per segemnt) & Millipedes (herbivorus + 2 pair of appendages per segment)

Crustacea

lobsters, crabs, shrimp, etc

Deuterostome traits

Blastopore forms anus first, all coelomates!

Deuterostome groups

Echinoderms & Chordates

Echinoderms

Starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars, sea cucumbers etc. Endoskeleton make of calcium carbonate

Four key features of chordates?

Hollow dorsal chord, notochord, pharyneal slit, postanal tail

Different groups of chordates,

Urochordata (tunicates), cephalochordata (lancelets), and verbrata

Urochordata (tunicates)

sea squirts and salps 🙂 only animal that produce cellulose

Lancelets

Embedded in sediment, filter feeders. Only chordate phylum that keeps all four traits into adulthood

FISH! Verbrata traits

Verterbral column w/skull

Jaws + paired appendages

Internal gills

Single-loop blood circulation

Jawless Fish?

Lampreys and hagfish. Hagfish Use slime to choke out their enemies (almost inspiring) Partial skull and partail vertebrae

Cartilaginous fish

Sharks, skates, rays. Internal skeleton made up of flexible cartilage

Bony Fish (What groups)

Ray-finned fish, lobe tail fish, lungfish

What do swim bladders do?

Help regulate buoyancy

Tell me about amphibians?

first vertebrates to walk on land, three chambered heart, eggs need to be in water

Three orders of tetrapods?

Amphibians, mammals, repties

Anura

frogs + toads, external fertilization

Caudata

salamanders, very flexible, aquatic/terrestrial

Apoda

a group of limbless, subterranean, and aquatic amphibians that physically resemble earthworms or snakes

Amniotes defining characteristics

They have amniotic egg + dry breathing. Not much else

Synapsid

1 hole behind eye in skull (mammals)

Diapsids

2 holes behinds eye in skull (reptiles + birds)

Anapsids

0 holes behinds eyes (turtles)

Reptiles defining characteristics

Heart with partially divided ventricle, ectothermic

Reptiles groups

chelonia, squamata, crocdilians, aves

chelonia

Trutles + tortoises, shell attched to carapace

squamata

Lizards + snakes +tuatara

crocdilians

alligators, crocodiles, 4 chambered heart, eyes and nose on top of head to hunt

Aves

BIRDS. No urinary baldder, endothermicm hollo bones

MAMMALS

Hair + milk, amniotes, 4 chambered hearts, differentiated teeth

2 classes of mammals

Monotremes and Viviparous

Monotremes

Lay eggs, lack developed nipples, cloaca. Ex: Platypus, echidnas????,

Viviparous classes?

Marsupials and Placental

Marsupials

Give birth to underdeveloped young that complete their early growth and development inside an external pouch (marsupium) while nursing (e.g., kangaroos, koalas, opossums).

Placental

Nourish the developing fetus internally via a well-developed placenta, giving birth to relatively well-developed offspring (e.g., humans, dogs, whales, elephants)

Primate groups

Anthropoids, Hominids, Hominins

Anthropoids

Monkeys, apes, humans

Groups farthest from humans?

Lemurs, lorises, tarsiers

Animal bodies! Give me the order

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

What are the four tissue types

Epithelial, nerve, connective, muscle

Epithelial tissue uses?

Secretion, absorption, transport, protection

What is epithelial tissue attached to?

basement membrane

What is absement membrane attached to?

Connective Tissue

Side of epithelial tissue attached to basement?

Basal surface

Side of epithelial tissue attached to upper surface?

apical surface

Shapes of tissue?

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Squamous

irregularly shaped (kinda like an egg) used for diffusion in lungs + blood vessels

Cuboidal

Cube shaped, kidney/sweat glands

Columnar

Protection, secretion, absorption, looks like a column

Different type of layers?

Simple = 1 layer. Stratified: multiple layers

Pseudostratified

1 layer but weird shaped