Bio Unit 2

unicellular

composed of one cell

multicellular

composed of many cells →tissues→organs→organ systems

organelle

structures in a cell that help it function

Prokaryotic cell

-no nucleus

-no membrane

-bianary fission

-bacteria

Eukaryotic Cell

-nucleus

-membrane bound organelle

-mitosis division

-can be multi cellular

-cell walls only fungi and plants

-made of chitin

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

they are both unicellular

What structures distinguish plant cells from animal cells?

plant cells have chloroplast, cell walls, and central vacuole

animal cells have lysosomes, centrioles, centrosomes, and enzymes

controls what goes in and out of the cell (phospholipids)

cell membrane

gives cells shape, moves organelles, and have threadlike fibers made of protein

cytoskeleton

jelly-like cushion that holds everything in place

cytoplasm

contains and protects DNA

nucleus

inside nucleus and makes RNA

nucleolus

made of proteins and RNA (makes proteins!!!!)

ribosomes

has ribosomes and hugs nucleus (packages proteins)

rough ER

attached to rough ER and makes lipids

smooth ER

storing and transporting materials from one place to another. (delivery truck)

vesicle

folded membrane that gets vesicles of protein from ER. Transports proteins!! (think decorating station)

golgi apparatus

breaks down dead stuff and contains enzymes

lysosome

stores water, nutrients, waste, etc

vacuole

helps cell divide, made of microtubes

centrioles (centrosomes)

moves fluid acrsos cells surface

cilia

moves entire cell through fluid (whip like structure)

flagella

cellular respiration happens, breaks down food to release ATP (energy), and power house of the cell!!

mitochondria

photosynthesis happens

chloroplast

made of cellulose and chitin, protects/maintains shape

cell wall

homeostasis

staying stable by regulating internal condition

What are some examples of homeostasis?

body temperatures, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and etc

solute

what gets dissolved

solvent

what does the dissolving

mixture of 2 or more substances

solution

amount of solute dissolved in solvent

concentration ([ ])

What is a positive feedback loop?

output of a system intensifies the response

Examples of positive feedback loop?

childbirth and fruit ripening

What is a negative feedback loop?

Output of a system causes a counter response to return to a set point

Examples of negative feedback loop?

human body temp and blood sugar

What is the role of the cell membrane in maintaining homeostasis on a cellular level?

The cell membrane is selectively premeable. It can pass small, non polar, hydrophobic, and water. It can NOT pass polar or large molecules.

Requires energy

active transport

Moves particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

passive transport

used to transport water

passive transport

moves particles against the concentration gradient from areas of lower concentration to higher concentration

active transport

simple diffusion

spreading of molecules across a membrane until equal

Example: high→low; O2 and CO2

transport proteins facilitate the diffusion of molecules that can’t pass through the cell membrane (act as a channel/carrier)

Example-high to low sugar →calcium

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

diffusion of water across the membrane. water molecules mover from high to low. high water concentration low solute concentration. low water concentration = high solute concentration

molecular pumps

cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane against the gradient through a protein channel. (removes waste from cell)

Example: Potassium, Chlorine, and sodium = ions

endocytosis

uses vesicles to move large particles into the cell.

Example: white blood cells engulf bacteria to fight infections

exocytosis

uses vesicles to export material out of the cell

Example: nerve cells secrete neurotransmitters to send signals to the body

hypertonic

water moves out of the cell = cell shrivels (water is lower than cells cytoplasm)

hypotonic

water moves into the cell = cell swells (higher than cells’s cytoplasm)

isotonic

identical water = cell stays the same

what does this image show

hypertonic

what does this image show

isotonic

differentiation

created structures and functions. cells become tissues, organs, systems

stem cells

undifferentiated cells that become differentiated into or more specialized cells

cell cycle

repeated growth, DNA duplication, and cell division occurs. (eukaryotic cells)

long thread of DNA, containing thousands of genes

chromosome

gene

section of DNA with instructions for making a protein

two identical chromatids. chromatid is half of a duplicated chromosome

sister chromatids

centromere

region of condensed chromosomes that look pinched

cancer

uncontrolled cell division

carcinogens

cancer causing agents

list the levels of organization from cell to organism

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

what are the two main purposes for cell division

growth and repair

growth phase of the cell

interphase

G1

cell grows and makes proteins

S

DNA replication occurs (double chromosomes)

G2

more cell growth and protein synthesis

mitosis

division phase of cell cycle, 1 cell = 2 identical daughter cells

prophase

chromosomes condense and are visible as sister chromatids

metaphase

spindle fibers connect to centromeres (chromosomes in the middle)

anaphase

sister chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes

chromosomes condense and look like chromatids

telophase

division of cytoplasm into 2 cells

cytoskinesis

what is the order of mitosis?

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

if a cell has 8 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each of its daughter cells have?

each daughter will have 8 chromosomes

What are the three principles of cell theory

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.\

The cell is the basic unit of life

All cells arise from pre-existing cells.