RPH

Prelim

Thomas Jefferson

Agriculture is our wisest pursuit, because it will in the end contribute most to real wealth, good morals, and happiness

Agrarian Reform Policies

centered on the relationship between the production and the distribution of the land among farmers

• Rectification of the whole agricultural system of the country

Land Reforn

concerned with Land rights and their character, strength, and distribution

Agrarian Reform

class character of the relations of production and distribution in farming and related enterprises, and how these connect to the wider class structure. It is thus concerned with economic and political power and the relations between them.

World Bank’s Five Dimensions of Agrarian Reform

1. Stock and Market liberalization

2. Land reform and development of land markets

3. Agro processing and input supply channels

4. Urban Finance

5. Market Institutions

Stock and Market liberalization

• Involves reducing government controls on agricultural markets.

• Encourages free trade, competition, and private investment in agriculture.

• Farmers gain better access to markets and can sell their products at competitive prices.

Land reform and development of land markets

• Focuses on redistributing land to landless farmers and securing land ownership rights.

• Promotes efficient buying, selling, and leasing of land.

• Secure land tenure encourages farmers to invest in improving their land and productivity.

Agro- Processing and input supply channels

• Supports industries that process agricultural products into higher-value goods.

• Improves farmers' access to essential inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, machinery, and credit.

• Helps increase farm productivity and farmers' incomes.

Urban Finance

• Provides financial services and investment that strengthen connections between urban and rural economies.

• Supports infrastructure, markets, and businesses that create demand for agricultural products.

• Expands employment and income opportunities linked to agriculture.

Market Institutions

Strong Market system and organization

World Bank

A key precondition for land reform to be feasible and effective in improving the beneficiaries' livelihoods is that such programs fit into a broader policy aimed at reducing poverty and establishing a favorable environment for the development of productive smallholder agriculture by the beneficiaries.

Spanish Colonization

• filipinos did not have the right to own land, but were only allowed to work in them and pay colonial tributes to spanish authorities through agricultural products

Laws of the indies

spain awarded tracts of lands to religious orders. This became the main source of abuse and exploit

ation

Pueblo system of Agriculture

Because of the scattered nature of the rural communities, the Spaniards organized them into a pueblo where they were given land to cultivate.

Repartamientos of Spanish Soldiers

reward for their service

Spanish encomenderos

those mandated to manage in encomienda

Encomienda System

• The Spanish government developed the hacienda system as a new form of land ownership.

In the 1860s, Spain ordered landowners to register their landholdings. This led to many peasants either getting forced out of their "assigned" lands in the earlier days of colonization, or working for the people who claimed to have the rights of the land. By the end of the Philippine Revolution, the revolutionary government would declare all large landed estates as government property, including friar lands.

• King Phillip II issued a decree in 1558 to distribute the lands in Cebu to loyal Spanish subjects. Encomenderos were given the right to collect taxes in their assigned areas.

Land ownership during the american colonization

• Land ownership during this time worsened because of the limitlessness of the size of landholdings people could acquire, while the acquisition was only limited to those who could afford to purchase and register fixed property titles.

• The lands acquired from the friars were not necessarily given to the peasant farmers. Peasant farmers who were given land almost did not have the means to maintain and cultivate it and were forced to return tenancy to wealthy hacienderos because of debt. As a result, most of the lands ended up in the hands of wealthy Filipino hacienderos. This caused widespread uprisings.

• In 1935, an attempt at uprising was organized, but it was easily

crushed by the government. Benigno Ramos fled to Tokyo and the Partido eventually collapsed.

• The peasant uprisings continued as the situation in the country's landownership worsened. During the Commonwealth government, President Quezon started a social justice program that focused on the purchase of haciendas to be divided and sold to tenants.

Philippine Bill of 1902

provided regulations on the disposal of public lands, where a private individual may own up to 16 hectares of land and corporate landholders may have 1,024 hectares.

Philippine Commission Act No. 496

or The Land Registration conducted accurate land surveys through the Torrens system. Act, addressed the issues of absence of records of land titles and

Homestead Program

was a program introduced by the Americans where a tenant could enter into an agricultural business once the individual had acquired 16 hectares of farm land.

NARIC (the National Rice and Corn Corporation)

Manuel Quezon create to assigned to defend and assist the peasants in court battles for their rights.

Court of Industrial Relations

established to exercise jurisdiction over disagreements involving land right and the landowner tenant relationship

Agrarian Reform after World War II

• Roxas: Improved tenant-landlord sharing and protected tenant rights.

• Quirino: Focused on land resettlement for landless farmers through LASEDECO.

• Magsaysay: Strengthened tenancy laws, created NARRA and LTA, and expanded land redistribution.

• Macapagal: Introduced the Agricultural Land Reform Code, abolished share tenancy, and promoted land ownership for farmers.

Fundamental restructuring

President Marcos, which he wiped out the landlord dominated congress in attempt to address the structural problems in the countryside

Masagana 99

was a rice self-sufficiency program in which farmers were able to borrow from banks and purchase three-hectare plots of land.

the Republic Act No. 6657,

the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).

• established in 1988 by President Corazon Aquino

CARP

enabled the distribution of agricultural tenant-farmers. lands to Landowners were compensated and were allowed to retain ownership of no more than five hectares of land. Instead of turning their land to the government, they were legally allowed to distribute a portion of their capital stock, equity, or participation in favor of the farmers

• only 22.5 percent of the land distribution in 6 years

Fidel Ramos Administration

the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) was able to distribute 58.25 percent of the total area covered by CARP. Despite the lack of funding, time constraints, and lack participation, CARP was expedited to meet the ten-year time frame. of

• he signed the Republic Act No. 8532 in 1998 to amend CARP. The program was to extended to another ten years.

Republic Act no. 8532

to amend CARP

Gloria Arroyo Administration

she signed the Republic Act No. 9700, or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER), which extended the deadline to five more years, from 2009 to 2014

• Despite this 1.6 million hectares of agricultural land remained undistributed to the1.2 million farmers

• During this period, CARPER was able to distribute a total of 1 million hectares of land to 9000,000 farmer-beneficiaries. 500 hectares of land remain to be undistributed.

Republic Act No. 9700

the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER), which extended the deadline to five more years, from 2009 to 2014

Taxation

the government’s mechanism to raise funds and improve the citizens'lives. The revenues are needed for the government to carry out its mission to protect its people 

Pre colonial Philippines

• Before 1521 we could have been anything and everything; after 1565 we can be nothing but Filipino”

• There was no national government. The smallest political unit was called “barangay” (first documented by Antonio Pigafetta as balangaiand balanghai). Balangay or barangay is also a term for a large boat that would fit the pre colonial society.

• No datu unified the archipelago as one territory, although a leader, called a rajah or a sultan , consolidated the small political units into a larger one 

• Pre colonial “Filipino paid their taxes to be protected by their datu. This was called “buwis” or “handug” 

Balangay or Barangay

• large boat that would fit the pre colonial society

• First documented by antonio Pigafetta as “Balangaiand balanghai”

Rajah or Sultan

• leader

• consolidated the small political units into a larger one

buwis or handug or Tribute

Pre colonial Filipino paid their taxes to be protected by their datu

• could be paid in cash or kind. Aside from that, custom duties and income tax were also collected

Tumao

Noble rank including the datu

Timawa

The “FREE MEN”, the warrior class and the thirds tank of nobility. The class that paid taxes and could also acquire property, including slaves 

Oripun

Commoners and slaves. They did not pay taxes and rendered instead their services for debts or favors

Manila - Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565 -1815)

A ship that annually plied the pacific from manila to acapulco and back again

Polo Y servicio

Men within the age of 16-60 years were required to render labor in the community for 40 days. Paying a falla (one and a half rea) could exempt the colonial subject from the forced labor.

Bandala

A system requiring the Filipino farmers to sell their goods to the government. Imposed by Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera in the seventeenth century, the bandala allowed for abuse as the colonial government could set the mandatory purchase of the goods at a lower price (Constantino, 1975, p. 51).

Contador de’ Resultas or the Chief royal accountant

the head of the financial matters except when revoked by the council of indies

Commonwealth Act No. 465

was to impose resident tax, or cedula, which cost fifty centavos. Additional tax of one peso was also added, depending on one's income and properties.

Reorganization Act No. 1189 in 1904

create the BIR (Bureau of Internal Revenue)

Eight Division of BIR

• made by Collector William T. Holting

(1) Accounting,

(2) Cash,

(3) Clerical,

(4) Inspection,

(5) Law,

(6) Real Estate,

(7) License, and

(8) Records.

First three Filipino BIR collector

• Wenceslao Trinidad (1918-1922)

• Juan Posadas, Jr. (1922-1934)

• Alfredo Yatao (1934-1938)

Japanese Occupation (1942 - 1945)

• When World War II broke out, BIR was combined with the Customs Office, which was headed by the Director of Customs and Internal Revenue.

• The Japanese issued a set of new money, which became known as the "Mickey Mouse money" because of its very low value as caused by the severe inflation.

Mickey Mouse Money

very low value money as caused by the severe inflation

War tax on Jews

1943, the Japanese imposed a war tax on all Jews residing in the country, Wealthy Jews were forced to surrender 50 percent of their holdings

Spanish Colonization

1521 - 1898

American Period

1898 - 1942

Japanese Occupation

1942 - 1945

Post war Philippines (1946 - present)

• The BIR was re-established when the United States granted the Philippines its independence.

• After the War, there was a severe lack of funds in many sectors of the government.

• During the term of President Elipidio Quirino, new tax measures were passed, including higher corporate taxes.

• The tax collection scheme remained problematic in the administrations that followed, since the lower class remained overburdened by taxes, while the elite who controlled the government engineered to avoid getting higher taxes.

• The post-War republic saw a rise in government corruption.

• The Congress did not pass any tax legislation between 1959 and 1968.

• Under President Marcos, 70 percent of the total tax collection came from indirect taxes, or taxes from the consumers. Low tax yield was generated at an average annual rate of 15 percent.

• Under President Corazon Aquino, the 1986 Tax Reform Program was established to improve the responsiveness of the tax system.

• Value-added tax (VAT) was introduced and put into effect in 1988.

• The Department of Finance, along with its attached agency, Bureau of Internal Revenue, were restructured. As a result, the trust in BIR significantly increased and the tax revenue increased from 10.75 percent, in 1985, to percent, in 1992.

Value Added Tax (VAT)

• introduced and put into effect in 1988 by President Corazon Aquino

VAT rate

from 10 to 12 percent

Sin tax Reform or Republic Act 1305

• adds extra taxes on liquor and cigarettes

• implemented by Benigno Aquino

RA No 11346

a higher tax on cigarettes and e cigarettes as part of government’s initiative to implement the Universal Health Program (UHC) of the Philippines

• signed by Duterte

Tax Reform for acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN)

implemented by Duterte

Three Branches of Philippine Government

• executive

• Legislative

• Judicial

Legislative Branch

is authorized to make laws, alter and repeal them through the power vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the SENATE and HOUE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Executive Branch

carries out laws. It is composed of the president and the vice president who are elected by the direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants the present authority to appoint his cabinet. These departments from a large portion of the country bureaucracy

Judicial Branch

evaluates laws. It holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there has not been a grave abuse of discretion on the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a SUPREME COURT AND LOWER COURTS

Constitution

the set of principle that establish the nature and extent of government of a nation state

Philippine Constitutions and Acts

1. The 1899 Malolos Constitution

2. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902

3. The Jones Law of 1916

4. The 1935 constitution

5. The 1943 constitution

6. The 1973 constitution

7. The 1986 Freedom Constitution

8. The 1987 Constitution

Preamble to the Political Constitution of 1899

"We, the Representatives of the Filipino People, lawfully convened, in order to establish justice, provide for common defense, promote the general welfare and insure the benefits of liberty, imploring the aid of the Sovereign Legislator of the Universe for the attainment of these ends, have voted, decreed, and sanctioned the following political constitution."

Philippine Revolution

August 23 1896 to August 13 1898

Spanish American War

April 21 1898 to August 13 1898

Title II, Article 4

states that the form of government is to be "popular, representative, alternative, and responsible."

1935 Constitution

• After the signing of the Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was put under a military government (from 1898 to 1901) until government was put into place 

• In the interim, United States Congress passed the acts that defined colonial governance of the Philippines

• Organic Act of 1902 enabled the creation of the Philippine Assembly. Key provisions of the act included the bill of rights of the Filipinos and the appointment of two representatives to the US House of Representatives. This act also vested legislative power in a bicameral legislature, which is composed of the Philippine Commission (upper house) and the Philippine Assembly (lower house).

Jones Law or the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916

 removed the Philippine Commission and replaced it with a Senate that served as the upper house.

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act

Led by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas. Promised the granting of Filipino independence. However, this was opposed by President Manuel Quezon and was rejected by the Philippine Senate.

Tydings- McDuffie Act or the Philippine Independence Act

the establishment of a formal constitution by a Constitutional Convention, which was first held on 30 July 1934 and installed Claro M. Recto as its president.

Preamble to the 1935 Constitution

"The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in order to establish a government that shall embody their ideals, conserve and develop patrimony of the nation, promote the general welfare, and secure to themselves and their posterity the blessings of independence under a regime of justice, liberty, and democracy, do ordain and promulgate this constitution."

Rights to suffrage

are given to Filipino male citizens who are at least twenty-one years of age and who can read and write. Two years later, in 1937, suffrage was extended to Filipino women.

New Philippine Republic

inaugurated under the 1943 Constitution, with Jose P. Laurel as president.

parity rights

On 4 July 1946, the United States granted the Philippines independence, but with ““ for American businesses to exploit our natural resources and allow US military bases in the archipelago.

Office of the Ombudsman

is created for complaints against a public official (e.g., corruption, unlawful behavior, and public misconduct). It can charge a public official before the Sandiganbayan, or the anti-graft court.

February 25 1986

Corazon Aquino Became the president of the Philippines