GCSE RE

Six articles of faith Sunni

Tahwid

Six articles of faith Sunni

2. Angels — belief in angels created by Allah

Six articles of faith

3. Holy books — belief in Allah’s revealed books

Six articles of faith

4. Prophets — belief in prophets sent by Allah

Six articles of faith

5. Day of Judgement / Akhirah — belief in life after death and judgement

Six articles of faith

6. Predestination (al-Qadr) — belief that Allah has knowledge and control over what happens

Shi’a Islam — Five Roots of Usul ad-Din

Tahwid

Shi’a Islam — Five Roots of Usul ad-Din

2. Adalat — Justice of Allah

Shi’a Islam — Five Roots of Usul ad-Din

3. Nubuwwah — Prophethood

Shi’a Islam — Five Roots of Usul ad-Din

4. Imamate — leadership of the Imams

Shi’a Islam — Five Roots of Usul ad-Din

5. Mi’ad — resurrection/judgement and life after death

Major diff between Sunni and Shia

Immamate

Tawhid beleifs

• Allah is unique and indivisible.

• Allah has no partners or children.

• Worship is directed to Allah alone.

• This rejects shirk — associating partners with Allah.

📖 Key quote: “He is Allah, the One.” — Qur’an 112:1

Allah as a creator

• Allah is the Creator of everything.

• Creation shows Allah’s power and greatness.

• Humans are part of Allah’s creation and have a responsibility to look after the world.

• Allah is sustainer of creation — He continues to provide for it.

📖 Qur’an: “Allah is the Creator of all things.” — Qur’an 39:62

Allah as a judge

• Allah knows what people do and their intentions.

• On the Day of Judgement, everyone will be accountable for their actions.

• Good actions can lead to Jannah (Paradise).

• Sinful actions can lead to Jahannam (Hell).

• This encourages Muslims to live morally and follow Allah’s guidance.

📖 Qur’an 99:7–8:

“Whoever does an atom’s weight of good will see it, and whoever does an atom’s weight of evil will see it.”

Allahs mercy

• Allah can forgive sins when a person genuinely repents.

• Muslims should ask Allah for forgiveness.

• Allah’s mercy gives Muslims hope, even after they have sinned.

• Muslims should also show mercy and compassion towards others.

📖 Qur’an 39:53:

“Do not despair of the mercy of Allah.”

Allah as just and fair

Key points:

• Allah does not act unjustly towards anyone.

• Everyone is accountable for their own actions.

• Allah’s judgement is completely fair.

• This links closely to the Day of Judgement.

• Muslims should therefore try to act fairly and justly towards others.

📖 Qur’an 4:40:

“Allah does not do even an atom’s weight of injustice.”

Allah as

Merciful vs Just

• Merciful → Allah can forgive sins when someone genuinely repents.

• Just → Allah judges everyone fairly according to their actions.

Give two reasons why belief in Allah’s mercy is important to Muslims.

Allows forgiveness

Gives Muslims hope

Allah as omnipotent

• Allah has unlimited power.

• Allah created and controls the universe.

• Nothing is impossible for Allah.

• This links to miracles and Allah’s ability to bring about the Day of Judgement.

Angels

• Angels are created by Allah from light.

• They are spiritual beings who obey Allah completely.

• They have different roles.

• Jibril (Gabriel) delivered Allah’s revelations to the prophets, including the Qur’an to Muhammad.

• Mika’il (Michael) is associated with providing nourishment/rain.

• Israfil will blow the trumpet on the Day of Judgement.

• Kiraman Katibin record people’s good and bad deeds.

Angels roles

• Jibril (Gabriel) delivered Allah’s revelations to the prophets, including the Qur’an to Muhammad.

• Mika’il (Michael) is associated with providing nourishment/rain.

• Israfil will blow the trumpet on the Day of Judgement.

• Kiraman Katibin record people’s good and bad deeds..

Akhira

• Everyone will eventually die.

• On the Day of Judgement, Allah will resurrect and judge everyone.

• People’s actions will be judged — good and bad deeds matter.

• Those who have lived according to Allah’s guidance may be rewarded with Jannah (Paradise).

• Those who have rejected Allah and lived sinfully may be punished in Jahannam (Hell).

• Belief in Akhirah encourages Muslims to live morally because they are accountable to Allah.

Al qadr

• Allah has complete knowledge of everything that happens.

• Allah has power over the events of creation.

• Nothing happens outside Allah’s knowledge and permission.

• However, humans still have free will and responsibility for their choices.

• This means Muslims are still accountable for their actions on the Day of Judgement.

Qur’an 54:49: “Indeed, all things We created with predestination.”

Nubuwwah

Shia

• Allah has sent prophets and messengers to guide humanity.

• They teach people how to live according to Allah’s guidance.

• Muslims believe prophets were human, not divine.

• Prophets conveyed Allah’s message faithfully.

• Muslims believe Muhammad ﷺ is the final prophet — the Seal of the Prophets.

• Important prophets include Adam, Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa (Moses), Isa (Jesus) and Muhammad ﷺ.

Qur’an 33:40: Muhammad is described as the “Seal of the Prophets.”

Holy Books 📖

• Allah revealed scriptures to different prophets.

• The Qur’an is the final revelation, given to Muhammad ﷺ through Jibril.

• Other revealed books include:

  • Tawrat (Torah) → Musa

  • Zabur (Psalms) → Dawud

  • Injil (Gospel) → Isa

  • Scrolls (Suhuf) → Ibrahim

• Muslims believe the Qur’an is the complete and preserved word of Allah and supersedes earlier revelations.

Holy Books — specific revelations

• Tawrat → Musa (Moses)

• Zabur → Dawud (David)

• Injil → Isa (Jesus)

• Suhuf (Scrolls) → Ibrahim (Abraham)

• Qur’an → Muhammad

Quran

• The direct word of Allah.

• The final revelation from Allah.

• Revealed to Muhammad ﷺ through Jibril over about 23 years.

• The main source of guidance for Muslims.

• Preserved from its original revelation.

• Written in Arabic.

📖 Qur’an 4:136 commands belief in Allah and what He has revealed.

Ibrahim

• He was a messenger of Allah who taught belief in one God.

• He rejected idolatry and worshipped Allah alone.

• He is an important example of faith and obedience to Allah.

• Muslims regard him as an important ancestor of later prophets, including Muhammad

Muhammad (SAW)

• Was the final prophet and messenger.

• Received the Qur’an through Jibril.

• Delivered Allah’s message to humanity.

• Is an example of how Muslims should live.

• Is called the Seal of the Prophets.

Events- Muhammad

• Hijrah → shows his leadership and commitment to spreading Islam.

• Revelation of the Qur’an → directly explains his role as Allah’s messenger.

• Conquest of Makkah → can illustrate his leadership and forgiveness.

Imamate

Imamate is the belief that, after Muhammad ﷺ, Allah appointed Imams to guide the Muslim community.

• Shi’a Muslims believe there are 12 Imams.

• The Imams are spiritual and religious leaders who provide guidance to Muslims.

• The first Imam is Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law.

• Shi’a Muslims believe the Imams have special authority to interpret and explain Islam.

• This is a key difference between Shi’a and Sunni Islam.

A useful term:
Imam = a divinely appointed leader in Shi’a Islam.

Quran

The Qur’an is the most important source of authority in Islam because:

• It is believed to be the direct word of Allah.

• It is the final revelation given to Muhammad ﷺ through Jibril.

• It provides guidance on how Muslims should live and worship Allah.

• Muslims use the Qur’an as a source for beliefs, teachings and moral decisions.

Allah’s beneficence

Beneficence means Allah is good and benevolent — He wants what is good for His creation.

• Allah provides for and sustains His creation.

• His goodness is shown through the blessings He gives people.

• Muslims should recognise these blessings and be grateful to Allah.

• This links to Allah’s mercy: Allah cares for His creation and gives opportunities for forgiveness.

rahmah

Mercy

2. Allah’s immanence and transcendence

• Immanence → Allah is close to and involved with His creation. Muslims can pray to Allah and seek His guidance.

• Transcendence → Allah is above and beyond His creation. He is completely different from anything He has created.

3. Al-Qadr + human freedom

• Al-Qadr = Allah’s predestination/decree.

• Allah has complete knowledge of everything that will happen.

• However, humans have free will — they can make choices about their actions.

• Because humans have free will, they are responsible and accountable for their choices.

• Muslims therefore believe there is a relationship between Allah’s predestination and human freedom.

Akhira

• Akhirah = life after death.

• Humans will be resurrected after death.

• Allah will judge everyone for their actions.

• Humans are responsible and accountable for their choices.

• Good actions can be rewarded with Jannah.

• Those who are judged deserving of punishment may enter Jahannam.

• Belief in Akhirah encourages Muslims to behave morally because their actions have consequences.

Earlier Holy books

The important idea is that all these revelations originally came from Allah, so Muslims respect them as divine revelations.

However, Muslims believe the Qur’an is the final revelation and is the complete and preserved form of Allah’s message.

Authority

The key point about their authority is that they were originally revelations from Allah, so Muslims believe in the revelations given to earlier prophets.

However, the Qur’an has final authority because it is Allah’s final revelation.

“Explain two beliefs about the Six Articles of Faith.”

Point 1 — Tawhid

• Muslims believe Allah is one and unique.

• This means Muslims must worship Allah alone and avoid shirk.

• Qur’an 112:1: “He is Allah, the One.”

Point 2 — Akhirah

• Muslims believe in the Day of Judgement and life after death.

• Humans will be accountable for their actions and judged by Allah.

“The Six Articles of Faith are the most important beliefs for Muslims.”

FOR

1. Tawhid is fundamental → Allah’s oneness is the foundation of Islam.

2. Belief in Akhirah encourages accountability → Muslims know actions have consequences.

3. Belief in al-Qadr demonstrates trust in Allah → Muslims accept that Allah has complete knowledge and power.

AGAINST

1. Other beliefs may be more practically important → angels, prophets and holy books provide guidance.

2. The Qur’an may be considered more important as the source of guidance rather than simply belief in the Articles.

3. Shi’a Muslims follow the Five Roots of Usul ad-Din, showing that Muslims do not all organise beliefs identically.

Judgement direction: Explain that Tawhid/Akhirah can be seen as foundational, but other beliefs are closely connected and influence Muslim life.

6-marker: Explain two of the Five Roots of Usul ad-Din.

Point 1 — Adalat

• Shi’a Muslims believe Allah is perfectly just.

• Therefore, Allah will judge humans fairly according to their choices.

Point 2 — Imamate

• Shi’a Muslims believe Allah appointed Imams to guide the Muslim community after Muhammad ﷺ.

• The Imams provide religious and spiritual leadership and help Muslims understand their faith.

Source of authority — Qur’an

• “Allah commands justice.” (Qur’an 16:90)

• This supports Adalat because it shows that justice is an important quality commanded by Allah, reflecting the belief that Allah Himself is perfectly just.

“The belief in Imamate is the most important Shi’a belief.”

FOR

1. Imams provide religious guidance.

2. Ali and the Imams are central to Shi’a understanding of leadership after Muhammad.

3. Imamate distinguishes Shi’a beliefs from Sunni beliefs.

AGAINST

1. Tawhid is fundamental → without belief in Allah’s oneness, the other beliefs have no foundation.

2. Adalat is one of the Five Roots and affects beliefs about Allah and judgement.

3. Nubuwwah is essential because prophets communicate Allah’s guidance.

Judgement: Imamate is particularly important to Shi’a identity, but it exists alongside foundational beliefs such as Tawhid..

“Explain two ways belief in Tawhid affects Muslims.”

Point 1

• Muslims worship Allah alone because He has no partners.

• This means Muslims reject shirk and idolatry.

Point 2

• Tawhid affects how Muslims understand Allah.

• Allah is completely unique and cannot be compared with creation.

• Qur’an 112:1: “He is Allah, the One.”

“Tawhid is the most important Islamic belief.”

FOR

1. Tawhid is the belief in Allah’s absolute oneness.

2. It determines who Muslims worship.

3. Other beliefs ultimately relate back to Allah, such as angels, prophets and revelation.

AGAINST

1. Akhirah affects Muslim behaviour through accountability.

2. Al-Qadr affects Muslims’ understanding of Allah’s power and human responsibility.

3. Prophethood and the Qur’an provide practical guidance about how Muslims should live.

Judgement: Tawhid is foundational because Islam is based on worshipping one Allah, but other beliefs determine how that faith is practised.

“Explain two beliefs about Allah as Creator.”

Point 1

• Allah created everything in the universe.

• Therefore, creation demonstrates Allah’s power and greatness.

• Qur’an 39:62: “Allah is the Creator of all things.”

Point 2

• Since Allah created the world, humans have a responsibility to care for creation.

• Muslims should avoid unnecessarily damaging the environment.

“Belief that Allah is Creator means Muslims must care for creation.”

FOR

1. Allah created the world → humans should respect His creation.

2. Humans have responsibility as stewards.

3. Wasting or destroying creation could be seen as failing to fulfil this responsibility.

AGAINST

1. Humans are permitted to use natural resources.

2. Other beliefs, such as worship and obedience to Allah, may have greater influence on daily behaviour.

3. Caring for creation is important but not necessarily the central purpose of human life.

6-marker: Explain two beliefs about Allah as Judge.

Point 1 — Allah judges everyone

• Muslims believe Allah will judge every person on the Day of Judgement.

• Humans are accountable for their actions, so they cannot escape responsibility for what they have chosen to do.

Point 2 — Allah’s judgement determines reward or punishment

• Allah will judge people’s deeds and decide their outcome.

• Those deserving of reward may enter Jannah, while those deserving of punishment may enter Jahannam.

Source of authority — Qur’an 99:7–8

• “Whoever does an atom’s weight of good will see it, and whoever does an atom’s weight of evil will see it.”

• This supports the belief that Allah is Judge because it shows that everyone’s actions will be accounted for, even very small ones. Therefore, Allah’s judgement is based on what people have done.

Allah as merciful

Point 1

• Muslims believe Allah can forgive sincere repentance.

• This gives Muslims hope after they have sinned.

Point 2

• Allah’s mercy encourages Muslims to show mercy towards others.

• Qur’an 39:53: “Do not despair of the mercy of Allah.”

“Belief in Allah’s mercy is more important than belief in Allah’s justice.”

FOR

1. Mercy gives Muslims hope after sin.

2. It encourages repentance rather than despair.

3. Muslims should imitate Allah’s mercy by showing compassion.

AGAINST

1. Allah’s justice ensures people are accountable for their actions.

2. Belief in judgement encourages moral behaviour.

3. Muslims need both mercy and justice — mercy does not mean wrongdoing has no consequences.

“Explain two beliefs about Allah’s justice.”

Point 1

• Allah is perfectly just and does not treat people unfairly.

• Everyone is accountable for their own choices.

Point 2

• Allah’s judgement is completely fair.

• Qur’an 4:40: “Allah does not do even an atom’s weight of injustice.”

“Allah’s justice is more important than Allah’s mercy.”

FOR

1. Justice ensures everyone is accountable.

2. It gives meaning to the Day of Judgement.

3. It encourages Muslims to act justly themselves.

AGAINST

1. Mercy allows forgiveness after sincere repentance.

2. Muslims need hope as well as accountability.

3. Allah is both just and merciful, so one does not necessarily have to replace the other.

6-marker: Explain two beliefs about Allah’s omnipotence.

Point 1 — Allah is all-powerful

• Muslims believe Allah is omnipotent, meaning He has unlimited power.

• Allah created and controls the universe, so nothing is beyond His power.

Point 2 — Nothing is impossible for Allah

• Allah has the power to do anything He wills.

• This means Muslims can believe in events such as miracles and the resurrection, because Allah has the power to make them happen.

Source of authority — Qur’an 2:20

“Allah is over all things competent.”

Application:

• This means Allah has power over everything, supporting the belief that He is omnipotent.

• Therefore, Muslims believe there is nothing outside Allah’s power, including creation, miracles and resurrection.

“Belief in Allah’s omnipotence means humans have no free will.”

FOR

1. Allah has complete power over creation.

2. Allah has complete knowledge of what will happen.

3. Al-Qadr teaches that events occur within Allah’s decree.

AGAINST

1. Muslims also believe humans have free will.

2. Humans are responsible for their choices.

3. Judgement would not be fair if humans had no ability to choose.

Key link: Allah’s power ≠ humans having zero responsibility.

Allahs beneficence

Point 1 — Allah provides for His creation

• Muslims believe Allah is good and provides for the needs of His creation.

• This includes the blessings and provisions that allow humans and other living things to survive.

Point 2 — Muslims should be grateful

• Because Allah provides blessings, Muslims should recognise these blessings and show gratitude.

• They can demonstrate gratitude through worship and by using Allah’s blessings responsibly.

Source of authority — Qur’an 16:18

“If you tried to count Allah’s favours, you could never number them.”

Application:

• This shows that Allah gives humans countless blessings and favours.

• Therefore, it supports the belief in Allah’s beneficence, because Allah continually provides good things for His creation.

• It also explains why Muslims should be grateful for what Allah provides.

“Belief in Allah’s beneficence means Muslims should always be grateful.”

FOR

1. Allah provides blessings → Muslims should recognise them.

2. Gratitude can strengthen faith.

3. Gratitude can be expressed through worship and good actions.

AGAINST

1. Muslims may experience suffering and hardship.

2. Hardship does not necessarily mean Allah is not beneficent.

3. Muslims also have responsibilities such as patience, repentance and trust in Allah.

Explain two beliefs about Allah’s nature.

Point 1 — Immanence

• Muslims believe Allah is close to and involved with His creation.

• Muslims can communicate with Allah through prayer and ask Him for guidance and help.

Point 2 — Transcendence

• Muslims also believe Allah is beyond and completely different from His creation.

• Therefore, Allah cannot be compared to humans or anything else that He created.

Source of authority — Qur’an 50:16

“We are closer to him than his jugular vein.”

Application:

• This shows Allah’s immanence, because Allah is described as being extremely close to humans.

• The comparison to the jugular vein emphasises that Allah is always aware of and close to His creation.

• Therefore, it supports the belief that Muslims can turn to Allah directly for guidance and support.

“Allah is completely separate from humanity.”

FOR

1. Allah is transcendent and beyond creation.

2. Allah is not like created beings.

3. Muslims must not imagine Allah as a human being.

AGAINST

1. Allah is also immanent — close to His creation.

2. Muslims communicate with Allah through prayer.

3. Allah’s closeness allows Muslims to seek His guidance and mercy.

⭐ Useful phrase: Allah is close to creation, but He is not part of creation.

Angels

• Point 1: Angels are spiritual beings created by Allah who always obey Him.

• Development: They have different roles and carry out Allah’s commands.

• Point 2: Jibril is especially important because he brought Allah’s revelations to the prophets, including the Qur’an to Muhammad ﷺ.

• Development: This makes angels important in communicating Allah’s guidance to humanity.

• Source: Qur’an 2:285 — “They all believe in Allah, His angels, His Books, and His messengers.”

• Application: This shows that belief in angels is an important part of Islamic belief, so Muslims should accept their existence and role.

“Belief in angels is important for Muslims.”

FOR

1. Jibril delivered the Qur’an → connects angels to revelation.

2. Kiraman Katibin record actions → connects angels to accountability.

3. Angels demonstrate Allah’s authority and organisation of creation.

AGAINST

1. Tawhid is more fundamental.

2. Muslims’ direct source of guidance is the Qur’an.

3. Belief in Akhirah directly affects moral responsibility.

6-marker: Explain two beliefs about predestination and human freedom.

• Point 1: Muslims believe Allah has complete knowledge and power over what happens.

• Development: This is known as al-Qadr, meaning Allah’s divine decree/predestination.

• Point 2: However, humans have free will and are responsible for the choices they make.

• Development: This is important because humans are accountable for their actions on the Day of Judgement.

• Source: Qur’an 54:49 — “Indeed, all things We created with predestination.”

• Application: This supports belief in al-Qadr because it shows that events are within Allah’s predetermined plan, while Muslims still have responsibility for their choices.

“Al-Qadr means humans do not have free will.”

FOR

1. Allah has complete knowledge of future events.

2. Everything happens within Allah’s decree.

3. Allah has ultimate power over creation.

AGAINST

1. Humans are still able to make choices.

2. Humans are accountable for their actions.

3. Judgement and reward/punishment would not make sense if humans had absolutely no choice.

6-marker: Explain two beliefs about the Akhirah.

• Point 1: The Akhirah is the life after death, when humans will be resurrected and judged by Allah.

• Development: Muslims believe everyone is accountable for their actions and will receive reward or punishment.

• Point 2: Those judged worthy of reward may enter Jannah, while those deserving of punishment may enter Jahannam.

• Development: Belief in this encourages Muslims to behave morally because their actions have consequences.

• Source: Qur’an 99:7–8 — “Whoever does an atom’s weight of good will see it… And whoever does an atom’s weight of evil will see it.”

• Application: “Atom’s weight” shows that even extremely small actions are accounted for, demonstrating human responsibility and accountability on the Day of Judgement.

“Belief in the Akhirah is the main reason Muslims behave morally.”

FOR

1. Muslims believe they will be judged.

2. Good and bad actions have consequences.

3. Qur’an 99:7–8 teaches that even tiny actions will be seen.

AGAINST

1. Muslims may behave morally because they love and worship Allah.

2. The Qur’an gives positive guidance, not merely fear of punishment.

3. Belief in Allah’s mercy encourages repentance and good behaviour.

6-marker: Explain two beliefs about Risalah.

• Point 1: Risalah is the belief that Allah sends prophets and messengers to guide humanity.

• Development: They communicate Allah’s message and teach people how to live according to His guidance.

• Point 2: Muhammad ﷺ is the final prophet and messenger.

• Development: Muslims therefore believe no prophet will come after him.

• Source: Qur’an 33:40 — “He is the Messenger of Allah and the seal of the prophets.”

• Application: “Seal of the prophets” shows Muhammad ﷺ is the final prophet, making his message the final stage of Allah’s guidance to humanity.

🟣 12-marker

“Prophets are essential for Muslims to understand Allah’s guidance.”

FOR

1. Prophets communicate Allah’s message.

2. They provide examples of how to live.

3. Muhammad ﷺ delivered the Qur’an to humanity.

AGAINST

1. Muslims now have the Qur’an as a source of guidance.

2. Muslims also use the Sunnah/Hadith.

3. Allah can guide people through revelation and religious teachings without needing a new prophet.

6-marker: Explain the role and importance of Adam.

• Point 1: Adam was the first human and is regarded as a prophet in Islam.

• Development: His role was to receive Allah’s guidance and teach humanity to worship Allah.

• Point 2: Adam is also important because his story demonstrates repentance and Allah’s mercy.

• Development: After disobeying Allah, Adam repented and Allah accepted his repentance.

• Source: Qur’an 2:37 — “Then Adam received from his Lord some words, and He accepted his repentance.”

• Application: This shows that humans can make mistakes but should turn back to Allah through sincere repentance, demonstrating Adam’s importance as an example for Muslims..

“Adam is an important prophet for Muslims.”

FOR

1. He was the first human and prophet.

2. His story teaches about obedience and disobedience.

3. His story demonstrates Allah’s mercy and forgiveness.

AGAINST

1. Muhammad ﷺ is the final prophet and therefore has a unique role.

2. Muhammad delivered the final revelation.

3. The Qur’an is the final authority rather than Adam’s teachings.

6-marker: Explain the role and importance of Ibrahim.

• Point 1: Ibrahim was an important prophet and messenger who taught belief in one God.

• Development: He rejected idolatry and demonstrated complete obedience to Allah.

• Point 2: Ibrahim is an example of faith and submission to Allah.

• Development: His obedience makes him an important model for Muslims.

• Source: Qur’an 2:131 — “I have submitted [in Islam] to the Lord of the worlds.”

• Application: Ibrahim’s statement demonstrates his complete submission to Allah, showing why Muslims regard him as an important example of faith and obedience.

“Ibrahim is an important example of faith for Muslims.”

FOR

1. He rejected idolatry → demonstrates Tawhid.

2. He showed obedience to Allah.

3. He is an important figure connected to the origins of monotheistic faith.

AGAINST

1. Muhammad ﷺ is the final prophet and the main human example for Muslims.

2. Muslims follow Muhammad’s Sunnah in their daily lives.

3. The Qur’an is the final revelation.

6-marker: Explain two beliefs about the holy books in Islam.

• Point 1: Muslims believe Allah revealed holy books to guide humanity.

• Development: These include the Tawrat, Zabur, Injil and Scrolls of Abraham, as well as the Qur’an.

• Point 2: Muslims believe the Qur’an is the final revelation and therefore has ultimate authority for Muslims.

• Development: Muslims believe it provides guidance for how they should live.

• Source: Qur’an 2:136 — “We believe in Allah and what has been revealed to us… and what was given to Moses and Jesus.”

• Application: This shows Muslims recognise earlier revelations as coming from Allah, while the Qur’an is the final revelation and therefore the main authority for Muslims.

“The Qur’an makes all previous holy books unnecessary.”

FOR

1. Qur’an is the final revelation.

2. It has final authority for Muslims.

3. Muslims use it as their main source of guidance.

AGAINST

1. Muslims believe earlier books were originally revealed by Allah.

2. They are part of the history of Allah’s guidance to humanity.

3. The Qur’an confirms earlier revelations while providing the final guidance.

6-marker: Explain two beliefs about the revelation and authority of the Qur’an.

• Point 1: Muslims believe the Qur’an is the word/revelation of Allah, revealed to Muhammad ﷺ through Jibril.

• Development: It was revealed over approximately 23 years and is the final revelation.

• Point 2: The Qur’an is the main source of guidance and authority for Muslims.

• Development: Muslims use its teachings to guide their beliefs, behaviour and decisions.

• Source: Qur’an 17:9 — “Indeed, this Qur’an guides to that which is most suitable.”

• Application: This directly shows the Qur’an’s role as guidance, explaining why it has such authority over how Muslims live.

“The Qur’an is the most important source of authority for Muslims.”

FOR

1. It is believed to be the direct word of Allah.

2. It is the final revelation.

3. It provides guidance for beliefs and actions.

AGAINST

1. The Sunnah/Hadith is also important for understanding how to apply Islamic teachings.

2. Scholars interpret religious teachings.

3. Shi’a Muslims also recognise the authority of the Imams in interpreting Islam.

Judgement direction: The Qur’an is foundational because Muslims believe it comes directly from Allah, while other authorities help Muslims understand and apply its teachings.

6-marker: Explain the role and importance of Muhammad ﷺ.

• Point 1: Muhammad ﷺ was the final prophet and messenger of Allah.

• Development: He received the Qur’an through Jibril and communicated Allah’s final revelation to humanity.

• Point 2: Muhammad ﷺ is also an example of how Muslims should live.

• Development: His teachings and actions provide an important model for Muslims alongside the Qur’an.

• Source: Qur’an 33:40 — “He is the Messenger of Allah and the seal of the prophets.”

• Application: “Seal of the prophets” confirms Muhammad ﷺ is the final prophet, so Muslims follow the revelation he received as Allah’s final guidance.

“Muhammad ﷺ is the most important prophet.”

FOR

1. He is the final prophet.

2. He received the final revelation.

3. His Sunnah provides an example of how to live according to Islam.

AGAINST

1. All prophets conveyed Allah’s guidance.

2. Adam and Ibrahim are also important figures.

3. The Qur’an, rather than Muhammad’s personal authority, is the final revelation.

6-marker: Explain two beliefs about the Imamate in Shi’a Islam.

• Point 1: Shi’a Muslims believe Allah appointed Imams to guide the Muslim community after Muhammad ﷺ.

• Development: The first Imam is Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, and Shi’a Muslims believe there are twelve Imams.

• Point 2: Imams have special religious authority and can guide Muslims in understanding Islam and interpreting the Qur’an.

• Development: Therefore, the Imamate provides spiritual and religious leadership for Shi’a Muslims.

• Source of authority: The Hadith of Ghadir Khumm records Muhammad ﷺ saying: “Whoever I am his mawla, then Ali is his mawla.”

• Application: Shi’a Muslims understand this as supporting Ali’s special authority and leadership after Muhammad ﷺ, helping explain the importance of the Imamate in Shi’a Islam.

“The Imamate is essential to Shi’a Islam.”

FOR

1. Imams provide religious guidance.

2. Ali is regarded as the first Imam.

3. Belief in the Imams is one of the Five Roots of Usul ad-Din.

AGAINST

1. Tawhid is fundamental to all Muslims.

2. Shi’a Muslims also believe in prophethood, revelation and Akhirah.

3. The Qur’an remains a central source of Islamic guidance.

Five Pillars — Sunni Islam

1. Shahadah — declaration of faith

2. Salah — five daily prayers

3. Zakah — giving alms/charity

4. Sawm — fasting during Ramadan

5. Hajj — pilgrimage to Makkah

Ten Obligatory Acts — Shi’a Islam

The ten are:

• Salah — prayer

• Sawm — fasting

• Zakah — charity

• Khums — giving one-fifth of certain surplus wealth

• Hajj — pilgrimage

• Jihad — struggle in Allah’s cause

• Amr bil-ma’ruf — encouraging what is good

• Nahi anil-munkar — discouraging what is wrong

• Tawalla — showing love towards those who follow Allah

• Tabarra — distancing oneself from those who oppose Allah

Explain two ways in which the Five Pillars are important to Muslims.

“The Five Pillars are the most important practices for Muslims.” Evaluate this statement.

FOR

1. They structure Muslim life
→ The Five Pillars give Muslims regular duties of worship and obedience.
→ They help Muslims put beliefs such as Tawhid into practice.

2. They strengthen the relationship with Allah
→ Salah involves worshipping Allah five times every day.
→ Sawm and Hajj also require sacrifice and obedience to Allah.

3. They benefit the wider Muslim community
→ Zakah supports people in need.
→ Hajj brings Muslims from different backgrounds together in worship.

AGAINST

1. Other practices are also essential
→ Following the Qur’an and Muhammad’s example influences everyday decisions.
→ Therefore, religious practice is not limited to the Five Pillars.

2. Jihad can be considered important
→ Greater jihad involves struggling against sin and trying to live according to Allah’s teachings.
→ This affects a Muslim’s everyday behaviour.

3. The Ten Obligatory Acts are important to Shi’a Muslims
→ Shi’a Muslims have additional duties such as khums, amr bil-ma’ruf, nahi anil-munkar, tawalla and tabarra.
→ Therefore, the Five Pillars alone do not represent all Muslim practices.

The Shahadah is the declaration of Muslim faith:

“There is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”

What beliefs do shahadah include

• Tawhid → Allah is the one and only God.

• Risalah → Muhammad ﷺ is Allah’s messenger.

Its place in Muslim practice

Shahadah

• It is the first of the Five Pillars.

• It is central to becoming a Muslim: a person declares their belief in the Shahadah.

• Muslims repeat it regularly, including during prayer.

• It reminds Muslims of their commitment to Allah and His messenger.

• It influences everyday life because Muslims should live according to the beliefs they declare.

First pillar

Shahadah = declaration of faith → Tawhid + Muhammad ﷺ → first Pillar → commitment to Islam.

Give two beliefs expressed in the Shahadah.

Tahwid

Messenger

Explain two ways in which the Shahadah is important to Muslims.

• Point 1: The Shahadah is important because it expresses belief in Tawhid.

• Development: Muslims declare that there is only one God, so they should worship Allah alone and reject shirk.

• Point 2: It is also important because it declares Muhammad ﷺ to be Allah’s messenger.

• Development: This means Muslims should follow the guidance he received from Allah and use his example to guide their lives.

• Source: Qur’an 47:19 — “Know that there is no deity except Allah.”

• Application: This supports the Shahadah’s declaration of Tawhid because it teaches Muslims that Allah alone deserves worship, making the Shahadah central to Muslim belief and practice.

“The Shahadah is the most important of the Five Pillars.” Evaluate this statement.

FOR:

1. It expresses Tawhid
   → Belief in one God is the foundation of Islam.

2. It expresses belief in Muhammad ﷺ
   → Muslims accept him as Allah’s final messenger and follow his guidance.

3. It is central to Muslim identity
   → It is the declaration that expresses commitment to Islam.

AGAINST:

1. Salah may be more important in everyday life
   → Muslims perform it five times every day, maintaining regular worship.

2. Zakah has major social importance
   → It supports those in need and encourages Muslims to use wealth responsibly.

3. Sawm and Hajj also demonstrate obedience
   → Fasting requires self-discipline, while Hajj demonstrates sacrifice, unity and submission to Allah.

Salah

Salah = the five daily prayers. It is one of the Five Pillars and is a major form of worship and submission to Allah.

Salah

• Muslims pray 5 times a day:

  • Fajr — dawn

  • Dhuhr — midday

  • Asr — afternoon

  • Maghrib — just after sunset

  • Isha — night

• Muslims face the qiblah, towards the Ka’aba in Makkah.

• Before prayer, Muslims usually perform wudu (ritual washing).

• Prayer consists of rak’ahs — units containing prescribed movements and recitations.

• Salah can be performed at home, in a mosque or elsewhere.

• Jummah = congregational Friday prayer, held at the mosque.

• Salah demonstrates submission, obedience, worship and remembrance of Allah.

Sunni/Shi’a difference Salah

• Shi’a Muslims may combine certain prayers, meaning they can perform five daily prayers within three prayer times.

• Shi’a Muslims may also prostrate on a turbah during prayer.

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Explain two ways in which Salah is important to Muslims.

• Connection to Allah → praying five times a day gives Muslims regular opportunities to worship and remember Allah.

• Submission/obedience → performing Salah demonstrates obedience to Allah because it is an obligatory act of worship.

• Source: Qur’an 29:45 — “Establish prayer. Indeed, prayer prohibits immorality and wrongdoing.”

• Application: This shows Salah is not just physical worship; it should influence Muslims’ behaviour by encouraging them to avoid wrongdoing.

“Salah is the most important practice for Muslims.” Evaluate.

FOR:

1. Five daily prayers create a constant connection with Allah.

2. It demonstrates submission and obedience.

3. It can guide behaviour and discourage wrongdoing.

AGAINST:

1. Shahadah is foundational because it expresses Tawhid and belief in Muhammad.

2. Zakah has major social importance because it supports people in need.

3. Sawm/Hajj can also demonstrate sacrifice, obedience and commitment to Allah.

Qiblah

• Qiblah = the direction Muslims face when performing Salah.

• Muslims face towards the Ka’aba in Makkah.

• It creates unity, as Muslims around the world face the same direction when praying.

Wudu

Wudu

• Wudu = ritual washing/ablution before Salah.

• It prepares Muslims for prayer by making them physically clean/pure.

• Muslims wash:

  • hands

  • mouth

  • nose

  • face

  • arms

  • wipe the head

  • feet

• If water isn’t available, tayammum (dry purification using clean earth/dust) can be used in certain circumstances.

Next: Movements and rak’ahs

A rak’ah is one complete unit of Salah. Each prayer has a set number of rak’ahs.

You mainly need to recognise the key movements:

• Standing (qiyam) — reciting verses/prayers.

• Bowing (ruku’) — submission to Allah.

• Prostration (sujud) — forehead touches the ground; shows complete submission.

• Sitting (jalsa) — sitting between prostrations.

Surahs recited

• Surah al-Fatihah — recited in every rak’ah.

• Other Qur’anic verses/surahs can also be recited.

• Muslims also recite words praising and worshipping Allah during the different movements.

Where can Salah be performed?

• At home

• In a mosque

• Elsewhere — as long as the necessary conditions for prayer are met.