Genome

sex chromosomes

sex chromosomes

The ________ are the 23rd pair, with XX denoting female and XY (as in this case) denoting male.

Human Genome Project

a global initiative to map the human genome, was finished.

karyotype

is a picture of every chromosome in a cell in their usual arrangement.

junk

Although it is "_" DNA and non-coding, it may nonetheless control gene activity.

chromosome

Each _ exhibits bands known as banding patterns after being treated with chemicals.

159 million

With around __ base pairs, this chromosome makes up more than 5% of the entire genome.

mitochondria

The_ the cell's powerhouses, have their own DNA.

mitochondrial DNA

The__(mtDNA) is circular, as opposed to the nucleus' linear DNA.

37

There are only __ genes in it that produce the RNA and proteins the mitochondrion needs to function.

mtDNA

Changes in the _ are linked to certain uncommon disorders.

gene

Not all cells have functioning copies of every

Gene expression

is the process by which a gene is able to produce its protein.

turned on

In the majority of cells, certain genes are "__" and express themselves.

turned off

Other genes, used to produce specific products like hormones, are "__" when not required.

Generalized

stem cells are the first cells formed when a fertilized egg divides.

Cells

in specific regions of an embryo receive guidance from chemical environment and intercellular interactions to differentiate into tissues like neuron, muscle, and skin.

PRECURSOR CELL

This has a wide range of cell types it might become.

SPERM CELL

brimming with mitochondria, which provide the fuel

MUSCLE CELL

Cells that are long and thin and contain proteins that contract

NERVE CELL

A high degree of specialization with regard to both the shape and the connections