Genome

sex chromosomes

The ________ are the 23rd pair, with XX denoting female and XY (as in this case) denoting male.

Human Genome Project

a global initiative to map the human genome, was finished. 

karyotype

is a picture of every chromosome in a cell in their usual arrangement.

junk

Although it is "_" DNA and non-coding, it may nonetheless control gene activity.

chromosome

Each _ exhibits bands known as banding patterns after being treated with chemicals.

159 million

With around __ base pairs, this chromosome makes up more than 5% of the entire genome. 

mitochondria

The_ the cell's powerhouses, have their own DNA. 

mitochondrial DNA

The__(mtDNA) is circular, as opposed to the nucleus' linear DNA. 

37

There are only __ genes in it that produce the RNA and proteins the mitochondrion needs to function.

mtDNA

Changes in the _ are linked to certain uncommon disorders.

gene

Not all cells have functioning copies of every

Gene expression

is the process by which a gene is able to produce its protein.

turned on

In the majority of cells, certain genes are "__" and express themselves. 

turned off

Other genes, used to produce specific products like hormones, are "__" when not required. 

Generalized

stem cells are the first cells formed when a fertilized egg divides.

Cells

in specific regions of an embryo receive guidance from chemical environment and intercellular interactions to differentiate into tissues like neuron, muscle, and skin.

**PRECURSOR CELL**

This has a wide range of cell types it might become. 

**SPERM CELL**

brimming with mitochondria, which provide the fuel

**MUSCLE CELL**

Cells that are long and thin and contain proteins that contract

**NERVE CELL**

A high degree of specialization with regard to both the shape and the connections