GEOL 1405 Lecture Exam 2 Review (Chap. 4 - 6)

For Prof. Garcia's class or any other GEOL 1405 class. BTW do NOT try to cheat on Prof. Garcia's tests. She WILL slime you out... just study atp.

Population growth rate

A measure of how quickly a population increases in size; influenced by births, deaths, immigration, and emigration.

Zero-population growth

The absence of population growth; occurs when birth rates equal death rates, producing population stabilization.

Demography

The statistical analysis of the characteristics of a population

Demographic factors

Population characteristics, such as birth rate, that influence population size and composition.

Population growth factors

Conditions that increase population growth, such as clean water, nutritious food, and shelter.

Population resistance factors

Conditions that reduce population growth, such as disease, famine, and war.

Desired fertility

The ideal number of children an individual says he or she would like to have

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The number of children the average woman has during her lifetime.

Pronatalist pressure

A factor that increases the desire to have children.

Childhood mortality rate

The number of children under age 5 who die per 1,000 live births in a year.

Replacement fertility

The number of children under age 5 who die per 1,000 live births in a year.

Replacement fertility

The fertility rate needed for births to replace deaths in a population; the slides identify a global value of about 2.1 children per woman.

Age structure

The percentage of a population distributed among different age groups.

Age structure diagram

A graph showing population distribution by age and gender that can help predict future population growth

Population momentum

The tendency of a youthful population to continue growing even after birth rates fall to replacement fertility.

Demographic transition

A model describing the decline from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as economic conditions and quality of life improve.

Carrying capacity

The population size an area can support for the long term, depending on resource availability and per-capita resource use.

Overpopulated

A condition in which the number of individuals in an area exceeds that area's carrying capacity.

Ecological footprint

The land area needed to provide resources for, and absorb the waste of, a person or population

The Kerala Model

The Kerala case study examines the relationship between literacy, social conditions, and population growth in India

What was the goal of the Kerala Model?

In 1988, the Ernakulam literacy campaign began with the goal of full literacy.-Kerala became the first fully literate state in India. Increased literacy was associated with decreased population growth.

What did the Kerala Model emphasize?

The model emphasizes improving quality of life, education and opportunities for women, rather than relying only on economic growth. They connect social justice, low fertility rates, and progress toward zero population growth.

How did the Kerala Model act as a model of sustainable development?

Population growth declined without greatly increasing per-person resource consumption.

Urban area

A densely populated region that includes a city and the suburbs surrounding it.

Urbanization

The migration of people to cities and/or the growth of urban areas.

Megacity

A city or urban area with at least 10 million residents.

Carbon footprint

The amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere by a person, company, nation, or activity.

Environmental justice

The concept that access to a clean, healthy environment is a basic human right.

Urban flight

The movement of people from an inner-city area to surrounding areas.

Suburban sprawl

Low-density development built outside a city; often unplanned, inefficient, and heavily dependent on automobiles.

Exurb

A town beyond the immediate suburbs whose residents commonly commute into the city for work.

Green space

A natural or vegetated area in a city, such as a park or undeveloped landscape, often set aside for recreation.

Green city

A city designed to improve environmental quality and social equity while reducing its overall environmental impact.

Smart growth

Strategies that create walkable communities with lower environmental impacts.

Infill development

Development of empty or unused lots within an existing city.

Green building

Construction and operation designed to improve resource and energy efficiency and provide a healthier environment for occupants.

LEED certification

A building certification system that awards ratings based on environmentally sound design features.

Urban Renewal in the Bronx - Majora Carter

The Bronx case study examines environmental inequality and how urban green strategies can improve community health and quality of life.

What does the lesson of the Majora Center illustrate?

The Bronx had the poorest air quality in the country,The lesson uses these conditions to illustrate environmental justice concerns in lower-income urban communities- The Majora Carter received $10,000 city parks grant to design a waterfront development project.

What does the Majora Case Show?

The case shows how urban renewal and green space can improve environmental quality while also benefiting residents and businesses.Smart growth, green space, infill development, mass transit, and green buildings are presented as ways to reduce per-capita environmental impact.

Communicable disease

A disease that can spread from one person to another.

Noncommunicable disease

An illness that is not transmissible between people

Pathogen

An infectious agent that causes illness or disease, such as a bacterium, virus, or parasitic worm.

Zoonotic disease

An infectious disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans.

Vector

An agent that transmits a pathogen to an organism.

Public health

The science dealing with the health of human populations.

Epidemiologist

A scientist who studies the causes and patterns of disease in human populations.

Environmental health

The branch of public health focusing on natural and human-built environmental factors that affect population health.

Toxic substance / toxin

A substance that causes damage when it contacts or enters the body.

Acute effect

An adverse reaction that occurs rapidly after exposure to a toxic substance.

Chronic effect

An adverse reaction that develops after repeated, long-term exposure to low doses of a toxic substance.

Potency

The dose size required for a chemical to cause harm.

Persistence

A measure of how resistant a chemical is to degradation.

Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in a waterbased, fat-based, liquid, or gaseous medium.

Bioaccumulation

The buildup of a substance in the tissues of an organism over its lifetime.

Biomagnification

The increase in concentration of a substance in organisms at successively higher levels of a food chain.

Additive effects

Combined chemical effects equal to the sum of the chemicals' individual effects.

Antagonistic effects

Combined chemical effects that are less than the sum of the individual effects.

Synergistic effects

Combined chemical effects that are greater than the sum of the individual effects.

Dose-response study

An experiment testing the strength of an effect at different doses of a substance.

LD50

The dose of a substance that kills 50% of a test population.

NOAEL

The highest dose at which no adverse effect is observed.

Risk assessment

The systematic process of weighing risks and benefits to determine whether an action should be taken

Precautionary principle

Acting with a safety margin when data are uncertain or severe consequences are possible.

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

The primary federal law governing chemical safety, passed in 1976.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

The federal law regulating the management of solid and hazardous waste.

Guinea Worm Disease (GWD)

Guinea worm disease is used to show how environmental conditions, especially access to safe water, can strongly affect human health.

How does GWD spread/affect a victim?

Infection begins when a person drinks contaminated water (WATERBORNE) . Recovery is slow and debilitating. there is no medication or vaccine and that infection does not create immunity. Lack of access to clean drinking water increases exposure and risk

Economics

The social science dealing with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Sustainable

Capable of being continued indefinitely.

Ecosystem services

Essential ecological processes that make life on Earth possible, such as oxygen production, water purification, and pollination.

Ecological footprint

The land area needed to provide resources for, and assimilate the waste of, a person or population.

IPAT model

A model of human impact expressed as I = P × A × T, where I is impact, P is population, A is affluence, and T is technology.

Natural capital

The wealth of resources on Earth, including both the resources people consume and the natural systems that produce them.

Natural interest

Resources produced at a rate that can be used while leaving enough natural capital to replace what was taken.

Internal cost

A cost included when the price of a product or service is determined, such as materials, manufacturing, labor, or taxes.

External cost

A social or environmental cost associated with a product or service that is not included in its price and is instead passed on to others.

Triple bottom line

The combination of environmental, social, and economic impacts of a choice.

True cost

The sum of both the internal and external costs of a good or service.

Environmental economics

An economic approach that considers the longterm impacts of choices on people and the environment.

Discounting future value

Giving more weight to short-term benefits and costs than to long-term benefits and costs.

Linear economic system

A one-way production model in which resources are taken, products are made, and waste is discarded.

Circular economic system

A production system in which products or materials are returned to the resource stream after use or are disposed of so nature can decompose them.

Cradle-to-cradle

Resource management that considers impacts at every stage, from raw-material extraction through final disposal or recycling.

Service economy

A business model focused on leasing and maintaining a product rather than simply selling it.

Take-back program

A program allowing consumers to return a finished product to the manufacturer that made it.

Ecolabeling

Providing information about how and where a product was made so consumers can identify more sustainable choices

Greenwashing

Claiming environmental benefits for a product when the benefits are minor or nonexistent.

Fair Trade

A certification program for products made using environmentally sustainable and socially beneficial practices, including fair wages and good working conditions.

Ray Anderson & Interface Carpet

Ray Anderson and Interface Carpet as the company rethought how carpet was produced, used, and disposed of. Synthetic carpet production used petroleum products and generated air pollution, water pollution, and waste.

What did Ray Anderson do to fix his company structure?

Anderson recognized that taking resources faster than nature replaces them reduces natural capital- Interface developed ReEntry 2.0 to recycle old carpet and designed carpet tiles.

What did the Ray Anderson/Interface Carpet case illustrate?

circular economics, cradle-to-cradle thinking, service economies, takeback programs, true cost accounting, and sustainable business practices.

Atmosphere

The blanket of gases surrounding Earth.

Troposphere

The lowest level of the atmosphere; where weather occurs and where the air we breathe is found.

Stratosphere

The atmospheric layer directly above the troposphere; it contains most of Earth's ozone.

Ozone (O3)

A molecule made of three oxygen atoms that forms the ozone layer and helps protect Earth from ultraviolet radiation.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation

High-energy radiation that is harmful to living things.

Ozone-depleting substances (ODS)

Chemicals that break down stratospheric ozone, including CFCs, HCFCs, and some bromine compounds.

Environmental policy

A course of action adopted by a government or organization to improve the natural environment and public health or reduce human impact.

Wicked problem

A complex problem with multiple causes, consequences, and stakeholders.