Religion

Stephen Gardiner

Bishop of Winchester

Lord Chancellor

Cardinal Pole

Last of the Yorkist challengers

Encouraged bishops to regularly visit dioceses

Papal legate

1555 - Archbishop of Cantebury

Paul IV

Pope from 1555

Fiercely anti-Habsburg

Conflicted England’s return to Papacy

Simon Renard

Imperial ambassador from Charles V

First Act of Repeal

1553 - undid all Edwardian Reformation

Revived Mass

Reaffirmed transubstantiation

Removed title of Supreme Head of the Church

1553

Date + number of mass exodus of Protestants

1554

800

Royal Injunctions

1554

Ordered bishops to suppress heresy

Remove married clergy - approximately 10-25% deprived of their post

Restore holy days

Second Act of Repeal

1554

Revoked all anti-papal legislation since 1529

Publication of Bishop Bonner’s Book of Homilies

1555

London Synod

1555

12 decrees

Sought to end clerical abuses

Simony - buying + selling of ecclesiastical positions

Pluralism - clergy holds more than one position

Absenteeism - clergyman not presiding over their office

Nepotism - the preferment of close relatives or friends

Bishop Gardiner dies

1555

Cardinal Pole’s position

1555

Archbishop of Canterbury

Clerical education

Bishops visited + report learning among schoolmasters

Cathedral schools founded + reformed at Durham, Lincoln + York

Tangible link between Government + unis

Total number of executions during Mary’s reign

283

Prominent people burned

Thomas Cranmer

John Rogers - first person, biblical translator

Failures of burnings

Persecution backfired - martyrs established

Protestant publications - Foxe's book of martyrs

Mary unable to restore monasteries - too much opposition + cost