Diet Diary Exercise and Body Composition Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering body composition, energy balance, resting metabolic rate, macronutrient requirements, hunger and satiety hormones, and dietary assessment methods.

Body Composition

The relative amounts of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) in an organism.

Energy Equilibrium

A state where energy intake equals energy expenditure ($\text{Calories eaten} = \text{Calories burned}$), maintaining a constant body weight.

Positive Energy Balance

A state where energy intake exceeds energy expenditure ($\text{Calories eaten} > \text{Calories burned}$), resulting in weight gain.

Negative Energy Balance

A state where energy intake is less than energy expenditure ($\text{Calories eaten} < \text{Calories burned}$), resulting in weight loss.

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

The energy needed for basal body functions—such as breathing, heart function, basic GI function, intermediary metabolism, maintaining ion gradients, and thermogenesis—which depends mainly on fat-free body mass.

Age-Related Calorie Need Reduction

The decrease in calorie requirements by about $5\%$ each decade after reaching the age of $30$.

Carbohydrate Energy Density

The amount of energy provided by dietary carbohydrates, equal to $4\text{ Calories/g}$.

Protein Energy Density

The amount of energy provided by dietary proteins, equal to $4\text{ Calories/g}$.

Fat Energy Density

The amount of energy provided by dietary fats, equal to $9\text{ Calories/g}$.

Alcohol Energy Density

The amount of energy provided by dietary alcohol, equal to $7\text{ Calories/g}$.

Adult Daily Carbohydrate Requirement

The recommended intake of carbohydrates for adults, specified as $45\%$ to $65\%$ (about $50\%$) of daily calories.

Adult Daily Protein Requirement

The recommended energy intake from protein for adults, specified as $10\%$ to $35\%$ (about $20\%$) of daily calories.

Adult Daily Fat Requirement

The recommended daily calorie intake from fat for adults, specified as $20\%$ to $35\%$ (about $30\%$) of daily calories.

Caloric Equivalence of Body Fat

The quantity of energy contained in one kilogram of body fat, equivalent to approximately $7,700\text{ Calories}$.

Hunger

The physiological need to eat food.

Satiety

The absence of hunger, defined as the sensation of feeling full.

Appetite

The desire to eat food.

Leptin

A satiation hormone produced by fat cells (adipocytes) that provides a peripheral signal informing the brain of energy stores and reducing the motivation to eat.

Ghrelin

An appetite-stimulating hormone that is released when leptin levels drop during fasting to reinitiate hunger.

Duplicate Diet Method

A method used in nutritional surveys where subjects weigh and set aside a duplicate portion of all eaten foods for chemical analysis.

Self-Report Bias

The clinical and epidemiological phenomenon where self-reported dietary recalls underestimate real caloric and macronutrient intake by $20\%$ to $50\%$.