Exam Review (Lessons 5,6,7,8)

Biological Safety Level 1 (BSL-1)

Basic precautions for handling non-pathogenic microbes.

Biological Safety Level 2 (BSL-2)

Enhanced precautions for handling moderate-risk pathogens.

Biological Safety Level 3 (BSL-3)

High-risk pathogens requiring laboratories with controlled access.

Biological Safety Level 4 (BSL-4)

Extreme pathogens requiring isolated and specialized facilities.

Fomites

Inanimate objects that can harbor and transmit infectious agents.

Disinfectant

Reduces or destroys microbial load on inanimate items through heat or chemicals.

Antiseptic

Reduces microbial load on skin or tissue through antimicrobial chemicals.

Sterilant

Agents that kill all forms of microbial life, including endospores and viruses.

Sterilization

Complete elimination of all microorganisms.

Disinfection

Reduction of pathogenic microorganisms.

Phenol Coefficient

Used to evaluate the potency of disinfectants compared to phenol.

Disk-Diffusion Method

Evaluates effectiveness of chemicals by measuring zones of inhibition.

Use-Dilution Method

Determines the minimum concentration of disinfectant needed to kill a test organism.

In-Use Method

Assessment of effectiveness of antimicrobials in clinical settings.

Bacteriostatic

Inhibits bacterial growth without killing bacteria.

Bactericidal

Kills bacteria, important for severe infections.

Broad-Spectrum drugs

Effective against a wide range of bacteria.

Narrow-Spectrum drugs

Targets specific bacteria.

Superinfections

Secondary infections due to disturbance of normal microbiota.

ID50 (Median Infectious Dose)

The number of microorganisms required to cause infection in 50% of hosts.

LD50 (Median Lethal Dose)

The number of microorganisms required to kill 50% of hosts.

Primary Pathogens

Cause disease in healthy individuals.

Opportunistic Pathogens

Cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised.

Virulence factors

Unique features produced by pathogens affecting disease severity.

Endotoxins

Components found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, triggering inflammation.

Exotoxins

Toxins released by bacteria, often highly toxic.

Koch's Postulates

Principles for determining the causative relationship between pathogens and diseases.

Autoimmune Diseases

Diseases where the immune system mistakenly attacks self-antigens.

Universal Donor Type

Type O blood, as it has no antigens.

Universal Acceptor Type

Type AB blood, as it has no antibodies against A or B antigens.

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Cells that process and present antigens via MHC molecules.

Immunological Memory

Ability to quickly respond to previously encountered pathogens.

Vaccine Types

Includes live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and conjugate vaccines.

Type I Hypersensitivity

Immediate hypersensitivity involving allergen-specific IgE antibodies.

Type II Hypersensitivity

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies.

Type III Hypersensitivity

Immune complex-mediated response where antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues.

Type IV Hypersensitivity

Delayed-type hypersensitivity involving T cells.

Cancer Vaccines

Vaccines that aim to prevent or treat cancer by stimulating the immune response.

What is precipitation?

Precipitation is any form of water - liquid or solid - that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth.

What is condensation in the water cycle?

Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air cools and changes into liquid water, forming clouds.

What is collection in the water cycle?

Collection is the process where water gathers in bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, and oceans after precipitation.

What is infiltration?

Infiltration is the process by which water soaks into the soil from the ground level.

What is transpiration?

Transpiration is the release of water vapor from plants into the atmosphere, contributing to the water cycle.

What is the role of the sun in the water cycle?

The sun provides the energy needed for evaporation and drives the water cycle.

What is evaporation?

Evaporation is the process where liquid water changes into water vapor, rising into the atmosphere.

What are clouds?

Clouds are formed by condensed water vapor in the atmosphere, which can produce precipitation.

What is runoff?

Runoff is water that moves across the ground surface and returns to bodies of water after precipitation.

What factors influence the water cycle?

Factors include temperature, wind, humidity, and topography, which can affect evaporation and precipitation patterns.

What is the water table?

The water table is the upper surface of an underground layer of water-saturated soil or rock, indicating the level at which the ground is fully saturated with water.

What is aquifer?

An aquifer is a geological formation that can store and transmit groundwater, which can be tapped into for use.

What is groundwater?

Groundwater is water located beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and fractures of rock formations.

What is fog?

Fog is a type of cloud that forms close to the ground, created by the condensation of water vapor in the air.

What is the hydrologic cycle?

The hydrologic cycle refers to the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere, encompassing processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.