PG 7- Control of Microbes: Antivirals and Vaccines

UNIT 2 MICROBIO

Therapy that uses bacteriophage, that specifically infect and destroy bacteria—to treat pathogenic bacterial infections.

Phage Therapy

a biological preparation that stimulates the body's immune system to build protection against a specific infectious disease or target-like cancer cells.

Vaccine

a type of vaccine that uses the entire virus or bacterium after it has been killed or destroyed.

Inactivated Whole Agent Vaccine

a type of vaccine that uses a live but weakened form of a pathogen (such as a virus or bacterium) to stimulate an immune response without causing the actual disease.

Attenuated Whole Agent Vaccine

uses an inactivated bacterial toxin (a toxoid) produced by a pathogen to train the immune system. this targets toxins to stop bacterial diseases.

 Toxoid Vaccine

a type of subunit vaccine that chemically links a less reactive piece (ex. polysaccharide capsule of bacteria) with a highly reactive piece (ex. toxoid or carrier protein) to enhance the immune response against specific pathogens.This combination tricks the immune system into recognizing the bacterial sugar, generating a powerful defense and long-lasting immune memory

Conjugated Vaccine

a type of vaccine that uses genetic material—either mRNA (messenger RNA) or DNA—to instruct human cells to produce a specific, harmless viral or bacterial antigen that triggers an immune response

Nucleic-Acid Vaccine

a vaccine that contains only specific, purified fragments (subunits) of a pathogen—such as proteins, polysaccharides, peptides, spikes, fimbrae, etc.—rather than the whole, intact microbe. Taking the part which the body reacts to the most, and putting it into the vaccine.

Subunit Vaccine

live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. “Good” (flora) bacteria compete with “Bad” bacteria for space and nutrients.

Probiotics

an antiviral medication used to treat infections caused by specific types of viruses. This Antiviral medication targets Herpes virus or in general DNA viruses.

Acyclovir

an intravenous antiviral medication approved to treat COVID-19 in both hospitalized patients and non-hospitalized individuals who are at high risk of progressing to severe disease.

Remdesivir

an oral antiviral medication prescribed to treat and prevent acute, uncomplicated infections caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses.

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material directly to another bacterium through cell-to-cell contact.

Bacterial Conjugation

Which type of vaccine has the strongest/longest lasting immunity?

Attenuated Whole Agent

The most common serious infections a conjugate vaccine can block:

Bacterial Meningitis

These are commonly used with antibiotics to prevent from secondary infections, because antibiotics will sometimes kill off bad and good bacteria, but these will protect good bacteria.

Probiotics

This Antiviral medication inhibits DNA replication, preventing the virus from being recreated over and over.

Acyclovir

This antiviral medication acts as a fake nucleotide (virus can’t tell the difference, so it grabs the nucleotide, blocking it from grabbing onto an actual nucleotide) allowing the host cell to gain control over the infection.

Acyclovir

What does Oseltamivir specifically target?

Neuraminidase

What does Neuraminidase do?

Viral enzyme found outside of the virus. Helps the virus leave the cell.

Oseltamivir (tamiflu) stops _______ , causng the virus to be trapped in the cell, so then our effected cell can be eliminated by our ________.

Neuraminidase, Immune System.

This is the primary driver of antibiotic resistance and heavily involves plasmids which holds the genetic instructions needed to build the sex pilus and initiate the transfer.

Bacterial Conjugation

a class of prescription medication designed specifically to treat, manage, or prevent infections caused by viruses

Antivirals

this antiviral targets DNA viruses. Preventing the genome from being recreated.

Acyclovir

What specific virus does Acyclovir often target?

Herpes

What specific virus does Oseltamivir often target?

Influenza

A viral enzyme found in the outside of the virus attaching to cyalic acid to cut it to allow viruses to leave the cell.

Neuraminidase

a biological preparation allowing our immune system to gain memory! Recognizing foreign things, to quickly eliminate them before our body gets sick.

Vaccines!

A vaccine which is a live microbe, but weakened state, so it does not cause illness.

Attenuated Whole Agent

This vaccine has a risk of reverting back to its pathogenic state.

Attenuated Whole Agent

This is an inactivated or killed microbe vaccine. allowing he body to see the whole microbe, creating memory for what will be best to treat the illness.

Inactivated Whole Vaccine

Vaccine containing a piece of the microbe that the body will react to the strongest.

Subunit

Vaccines containing an inactivated toxin, helping our immune system to create a memory to protect ourselves against the toxins that a virus could produce.

Toxoid

A vaccine combing the less reactive piece with the highly reactive piece. Sugar capsule combined with an inactivated toxin, to eliminate the sugar and microbe before the virus or bacteria causes damage to us.

Conjugated

This vaccine encourages own cells to temporarily make foreign microbial proteins.

Nucleic Acid

The body breaks the nucleic acid using ______. They are part of the body's natural cleanup crew. The moment a nucleic acid vaccine delivers its instructions, your cells read the recipe, make the viral protein, and then your body's own native ________ immediately shred and destroy the vaccine's mRNA or DNA

Nuclease

Type of therapy that Only targets the exact strain of harmful bacteria, unlike other antibiotics that are broad spectrum.

Phage therapy

What type of bacteriophage life cycle is used for phage therapy? (The phage infects the bacterium, immediately duplicates itself, and bursts (lyses) the cell to destroy it. This directly kills the infection)

LYTIC

Which of the following correctly describes the benefit of probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of “Phage Therapy”?

Match the antiviral drug below with the type of virus it would inhibit:

Which type of vaccine would give the strongest and longest lasting immunity within the body?

The vaccine used to prevent Hepatitis B virus infections contains just the outer “spike” protein of the virus, so it is clear that this type of vaccine is known as a _______ vaccine.

What type of vaccine encourages your own cells to make foreign microbial proteins that stimulate an immune response?

What is the name of the bacterial enzyme targeted by Penecilin?