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Creation of Modern Policing (1829)

Sir Robert Peel created the London Metropolitan Police, establishing the foundation for modern policing focused on crime prevention and public service.

Three elements of modern policing

Mission (prevent crime and maintain order), Strategy (preventive patrol and visibility), Organizational structure (hierarchical, quasi-military organization).

When did American policing begin?

1830s-1840s in major cities like Boston, New York, and Philadelphia.

Why were American police departments created?

Urbanization, immigration, rising crime, and need for social order.

Police beats

Specific geographic areas assigned to officers to patrol, traditionally on foot.

Advantages of beat policing

Officers know the community and build relationships with residents.

Disadvantages of beat policing

Potential corruption or favoritism toward people in the beat.

Difference between city and rural policing

Cities have larger departments and more crime; rural areas rely on sheriffs, deputies, and constables.

Early police communication methods

Call boxes, telegraph, foot patrol communication.

Modern police communication technologies

Telephone, police radio, patrol cars, computer systems.

20th century police reforms

Professionalization, centralized command, improved training, and technological advancements.

Three principal forces of change in policing

Technology, professionalization, and public expectations.

Political Era (1840s-1930s)

Police were closely tied to politics and political patronage, with emphasis on maintaining order.

Major problem during the Political Era

Corruption and lack of professionalism.

Reform Era (1930s-1970s)

Focused on professionalization, centralized command, crime fighting, and reducing political influence.

Major drawback of the Reform Era

Police became distant from communities.

Community Era (1970s-2001)

Focused on partnerships with communities, problem solving, and improving police-community relations.

New Era of policing (2001-today)

Information-driven policing with intelligence analysis, technology, and counterterrorism.

Evidence-based policing

Using research and data to guide policing strategies.

Defund the Police movement

A movement advocating reallocating police funding toward social services such as mental health, housing, and education.

State police responsibilities

Highway patrol, criminal investigations, and assistance to local agencies.

When was the FBI created?

1908.

FBI responsibilities

Investigating federal crimes, terrorism, organized crime, cybercrime, and intelligence threats.

Advantages of improved police communication

Faster response times, improved coordination, and increased officer safety.

Disadvantages of improved police communication

Less direct community contact and increased reactive policing.

1960s policing crisis

Civil rights protests, riots, rising crime, and growing distrust of police.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Established the exclusionary rule, preventing illegally obtained evidence from being used in court.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Requires police to inform suspects of their rights before interrogation.

Miranda Rights

Right to remain silent, right to an attorney, statements can be used against you.

Crime-fighter myth

The belief that police primarily spend their time catching criminals.

Reality of police work

Much police work involves service calls, conflict resolution, and assistance.

Sources of the crime-fighter image

Movies, television, news media, and political rhetoric.

Consequences of the crime-fighter myth

Unrealistic expectations about police work.

Police discretion

The ability of police officers to make decisions based on their judgment about the best course of action.

Examples of police discretion

Choosing whether to arrest, warn, or ignore minor offenses.

Police tasks

Responding to calls, investigating crimes, traffic enforcement, and report writing.

Police responsibilities

Protecting public safety, enforcing laws, and protecting constitutional rights.

Tension in policing

Balancing constitutional rights with maintaining public order.

Primary roles of police

Enforce laws, aid individuals in danger, resolve conflicts, protect constitutional rights, and provide emergency services.

24-hour police role

Police must be available to respond to emergencies at any time.

Use of force definition (Bittner)

Police authority includes the ability to use physical force, arrest individuals, and in extreme cases take life.

Social control (Janowitz)

The ability of society to regulate itself according to shared values and rules.

Three social control systems

Gatekeepers, social welfare system, and political system.

Gatekeepers

Institutions that regulate behavior before criminal justice involvement (schools, families).

Social welfare system

Agencies addressing social problems such as poverty, mental illness, and housing.

Political system

Government institutions that create and enforce laws.

Functional specialization

Creating specialized police units such as SWAT or narcotics.

Problem-oriented policing

Identifying and addressing the underlying causes of crime.

Community policing

Partnerships between police and community members to solve problems.

Zero-tolerance policing

Strict enforcement of minor offenses to prevent larger crimes.

Honest law enforcement

Emphasis on integrity, transparency, and ethical behavior.

Federalism

Division of power between federal, state, and local governments.

Why federalism affects policing

It creates multiple levels of law enforcement agencies.

Police organizational environment

The political, social, and community context in which police operate.

Factors influencing community attitudes toward police

Race, age, gender, and socioeconomic status.

Strongest predictor of attitudes toward police

Race.

Government officials influencing policing

Presidents, governors, mayors, legislatures, and courts.

Role of mayors in policing

Often hire or fire police chiefs and oversee local departments.

Police commissions

Bodies that oversee police departments and set policy.

Legislative influence on policing

Budgets, grants, and laws affecting police operations.

Judicial influence on policing

Court rulings that shape police practices and constitutional limits.

Media influence on policing

Shapes public perception of crime and police behavior.

"If it bleeds, it leads"

Media tendency to highlight violent crime stories.

Number of U.S. law enforcement agencies

Over 20,000 federal, state, and local agencies.

Department of Homeland Security created by

Homeland Security Act of 2002.

Agencies within DHS

Secret Service, CBP, ICE, Citizenship and Immigration Services, Federal Protective Service.

U.S. Marshals Service

Oldest federal law enforcement agency responsible for judicial security and fugitive apprehension.

ATF responsibilities

Firearms regulation, explosives enforcement, and arson investigations.

DEA responsibilities

Enforcing drug laws and investigating drug trafficking.

Centralized state policing model

State agencies handle both highway patrol and criminal investigations.

Examples of local law enforcement agencies

Municipal police, sheriff's departments, campus police, airport police.

Chain of command

Hierarchical structure where authority flows from top to bottom.

Span of control

Number of subordinates supervised by a manager.

Quasi-military police structure

Organizational model with ranks, uniforms, discipline, and hierarchy.

Frederick Taylor

Developed scientific management focusing on efficiency and productivity.

Max Weber

Developed bureaucracy theory with hierarchical structure and rules.

Five principles of bureaucracy (Weber)

Hierarchy, specialization, formal rules, impersonality, merit-based hiring.

Police recruitment

Process of attracting applicants to become police officers.

Police hiring process

Recruitment, written test, interview, background check, polygraph, medical and drug screening.

Purpose of background investigation

Examine candidate's history through records and interviews.

Police academy

Training program for new officers covering law, tactics, and procedures.

Three types of academies

In-house, regional, and state academies.

Field training

On-the-job training with an experienced officer after academy graduation.

Three phases of field training

Introduction, training/evaluation, observation by field training officer.

Eustress

Positive, motivating stress.

Distress

Negative, harmful stress.

Critical incident phases

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

Police subculture

Shared norms, values, and beliefs among police officers.

Culture

Shared values and beliefs of a society.

Subculture

Distinct set of values and norms within a larger culture.

Sources of police subculture

Organizational structure, street environment, administration, media.

Territorial control

Police authority over specific geographic areas.

Danger in policing

Risk of injury or violence in police work.

Unpredictability in policing

Encounters may suddenly escalate into dangerous situations.

Solidarity

Strong loyalty among police officers.

Us vs Them mentality

Division between police and outsiders.

Code of silence

Informal rule discouraging officers from reporting misconduct.

Wilson's three policing styles

Watchman, legalistic, service.

Watchman style

Focus on order maintenance and informal resolution of problems.

Legalistic style

Strict law enforcement and high arrest rates.