LAB EXAM 2

BIO 41 LAB

What is an enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose to produce glucose and galactose?

Lactase

What temperature point is 100*C

Boiling

What temperature point is 37 *C ?

Body temperature

What temperature point is 25*C?

Room temperature

Measure of the amount of (H+) in a solution

pH

Chemical term for something that increases chemical reaction rates

Catalyst

Loss of protein folding due to a change/non-optimal environmental conditions

Denaturation

Macromolecules made of amino acids and what enzymes are made of

Protien

Compound that we use in place of lactose as an artificial substrate for the enzyme in this lab?

ONPG

Native substrate for the enzyme of today's lab, a disaccharide milk sugar

Lactose

A protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction

Enzymes

Part of enzyme where a substrate binds to undergo a chemical reaction

Activation site

Uses light, wavelength selector, and a photodetector to determine absorbance/transmittance ( spectral) behaviors of a chemical

Spectrophotometer

Molecule or molecules that an enzyme binds to help undergo a chemical reaction

Substrate

Graph of the different wavelength of light that a chemical absorbs

Absorbance spectrum

Wavelength of light that a chemical absorbs most strongly

Absorbance Maximum

pH range where lactase has the lowest activity

Basic

Ph range of most human tissues and animals cells

Neutral

pH of the stomach

Acidic

Organelle that stores solutes to drive osmosis in plants cells

Central vacuole

Any barrier that permits diffusion of some molecules, but also prevent diffusion based on some criteria such as size or charge

Semi permeable membrane

Bursting of a cell due to the net diffusion of water into the cell

Lysis

Loss of water will result in this happening to an animal cell

Crenation

Compared to the interior of a cell, a solution with higher solute concentration

Hypertonic

A difference in the amount of solutes between two areas

Concentration gradient

A solution that has a lower solute concentration than inside of a cell

Hypotonic

net outward force on a plant cell walls due to the diffusion of water into the cytoplasm. Contributes to how plants maintain their upright bodies

Turgor pressure

A surrounding solution around a cell that has the same solute concentration as inside of the cell

isotonic

The net movement of water specifically down its concentration gradient to increase its entropy

Osmosis

The movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Diffusion

The loss of turgor pressure in a cell where the membrane does not collapse completely and is reversible within a certain amount of time

Plasmolysis

Final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of mitochondria

Oxygen

Protein complexes, and protein hydrogen channels that undergo electron transfer reaction in mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain

Preferred reactant for cellular respiration, a monosaccharide

Glucose

Product of cellular respiration, and what we measured during our experiments today

Carbon dioxide

Phase of cellular respiration that generates NADH but no ATP

Acetyl- coA formation

phases of cellular respiration that generates carbon dioxide

citrix acid and acetyl co-a formation

Any chemical reactions that requires oxygen to occur

aerobic

organelle necessary for aerobic cellular respiration

mitochondria

stage of cellular respiration that does not require mitochondria

glycolysis

cofactor electron carriers generated by pyruvate oxidation, glycolysis and during the kreb cycle

NADH

cofactor electron carrier only produced during the citric acid cycle

FADH2

stage of cellular respiration that generates both NADH and FADH2

citric acid cycle

Product of photosynthesis that is a monosaccharide

Glucose | C6H10O6

Primary photosynthetic pigment

Chlorophyll A

Accessory pigment that is green and is found in the light

Chlorophyll B

Source of new electrons for photosynthesis

H2O | Water

Reactant of photosynthesis and the molecule we measure

Carbon Dioxide | Co2

The location of chlorophyll A in a photo synthesis

Reaction Center

Protein complex that holds all the photosynthetic pigements

Photosystems

Phospholipid bilayer that is the location of photosystems

Thylakoid membrane

variable that is altered to test for an effect on the dependent

Independent variable

Variable that is measured during an experiment to determine if a process is affected by a change of conditions

dependent variable

Plot of the effect of wavelength ( NM) of light on absorbance

Absorbance spectrum

Detergent molecule that helps disrupt plasma membrane

SDS

DNA Stain that glows in response to specific colors of light

SYBR green

Protein that help organize DNA double helixes

Histones

Solution that is used to precipitate DNA

Ethanol ( 95%)

A dye solution added to PCR DNA samples to make them heavier and easy see when adding to a gel

Loading Buffer

Clear, conductive running buffer for gel electrophoresis

TBE

Repeating blocks of nucleotides that occur randomly in genomes, used for DNA finger printing

STR

Seaweed derived sugar that forms the matrix of DNA gels

Agarose

Technique used to separate DNA fragments by size

gel electrophoresis

general field of study/forensics that uses difference to compare individuals

DNA finger printing

This is the charge of DNA in solution

negative

this charged electrode attracts DNA

positive

Reaction used to copy DNA

PCR

What are the 3 main steps to DNA fingerprinting?

Extraction, DNA comparison, and visualization

How does DNA extraction work | describe breaking down the plasma membrane, why we add salt, and purpose of alcohol ( Ethanol)

We must breakdown the plasma membrane with either a grinding motion of the motor, a chemical detergent of SDS, or liquid nitrogen | Salt is a positive charge and it breaks away DNA from the histones negative protein charge. | The alcohol extracts/precipitates the DNA and can be seen by centrifuge and pipetting removal of the ethanol.

What is PCR? What enzymes does it use and why?

Polymerase chain reaction | It uses the Taq DNA polymerase to copy the DNA regions

What is STR?

Short tandem repeats | repeats of the same sequences

Do we attach from the 5’ carbon or 3’ carbon? Which is the attachment for hydroxyl group versus the phosphate group?

We attach to the 3’ carbon with the hydroxyl group while 5’ carbon is the negative charged phosphate group

How are nucleotides joined together? What bond is it

Covalent bond but more specfically the phosphodiester bond makes up the sugar phosphase backbone of dna

Be able to identify the guard cells and stomata? Function?

Stomata allows for gas exchange of co2 and o2 while the guard cells job is to be in charge of opening and closing to regulate exchange

Know parts of the micropipe ting

Field of view in milimeters for 10x and 40x

10x = 0.4 | 40x = 0.1

What are enzymes?

Catalyst proteins to increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy at specific active sites | bind and bond in favorable positions in order for chemical reactions and put stress on chem bond so they can be rearranged or broken

Between Lactase and lactose which is the substrate and enzyme? | What are the products from this reaction?

Lactase is an enzyme ( -ase) while lactose is a substrate | Lactose will bind to lactase where it will be broken down into glucose and galactose

What can replace the lactose substrate? And what does it end up making

ONPG ( ortho-nitrophenylo B - galactosinte ) makes up o nitrophenol

Difference between transmission and absorbance

Light passing thru a sample versus being absorbed

What are the environmental conditions that affect a enzyme

(temperature, pH)

what is the second law of thermodynamics

entropy of a closed system will always increase over time

What is entropy?

Measure of disorder in a system

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic | distilled water, 1%)

isotonic and hypertonic

How do plant cells react to hypotonic solutions?

cell walls are supported by a rigid cellulose cell wall which limits the expansion and prevents it from bursting/lysis in a hypotonic solution

What is a turgor pressure and plasymolysis?

turgur pressure is the expansion into a cell cytoplasm which helps plants stand up right in a hypotonic while plasmolysis is the crenation of the plants cell due to hypertonic solution

the size of cell impacts speed?

Big = slow \ more resistance | mythylene heavy and potassium permanagante ( light)

Cellular respiraition occurs in 3 steps which are?

Glycolysis, acetyl-coA formation ( citric acid cycle), and electron trasnport chain