Chapter 7, 8, 9

Axial

Central axis of body

Includes skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

Appendicular

Includes upper limb bones, pectoral girdle, lower limb bones, pelvic girdle

Axial skeleton

Supports the head, neck, back, and chest and thus forms the vertical axis of the body

Appendicular skeleton

Made up of all bones of the upper and lower limbs

Skull

most complex part of skeleton (22 bones)

8 cranial bones surround cranial cavity which encloses the brain

14 facial bones support teeth, facial, and jaw muscles

4 sutures (immovable joints)

Foramen magnum

Opening for spinal cord

Basilar part-thick median plate

Occipital condyles

Knobs resting on spinal column

Hypoglossal canal

Transmits hypoglossal nerve

External occipital protuberance

Attatchment for nuchal ligament

Superior and inferior nuchal lines

For neck muscle attachment

Squamous part of temporal bone

Encircled by squamous suture

Zygomatic process

Mandibular fossa

Mastoid part of temporal bone

Mastoid process

Mastoid notch

Mastoid foramen

Stylomastoid foramen

Tympanic part of temporal bone

External auitory meatus

Styloid process

Petrous part of temporal bone

Part of cranial floor

Separates middle from posterior cranial fossa

House middle- and inner-ear cavities

Receptors for hearing and balance

Internal auditory meatus

Greater wings

Sephnoid bone

Form about half of the middle cranial fossa (the temporal bone forms the rest)

Lesser wings

Form the posterior margin of the anterior cranial fossa

End at a sharp bony crest

Optic canal

Passage of the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

Anterior clinoid processes

Bony spines of the lesser wing lateral to the optic foramina

Superior orbital fissure

Passage for three nerves that supply the muscles of eye movement

Sella turcica

Houses the pituitary gland

Foramen rotundum

Passage for maxially branch of the trigeminal nerve

Foramen ovale

Passage for mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

Foramen lacerum

Filled with cartilage in life and transmits no major vessels or nerves

Sagittal

Between the 2 parietal bones

Coronal

Between the parietal and frontal

Lambdoid

Between the parietals and occipital

Squamous

Between the parietal and temporal

Cribriform plates

Form both the roof of the nasal cavity and a portion of the anterior cranial fossa floor.

Perpendicular plate

Superior two-thirds of nasal septum

Crista galli

Blade-like attachment for dura

Cribriform plate

Depressed area perforated with numerous holes; forms the roof of the nasal cavity

Cribriform (olfactory) foramina

Passages for olfactory nerves traveling from the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs inside the cranium

Ethmoid labyrinth

Large mass on each side of the perpendicular plate

Superior and middle nasal conchae

Scroll-like plates that project into the nasal fossa

Maxillary bone

Forms the upper jaw and supports the upper teeth, orbit and the majority of the hard palate

Mandible

The only moveable bone of the skull

Body (mandible)

Supports teeth

Ramus(mandible)

Articulates with cranium

Angle(mandible)

Where body meets ramus

Nasal bones

Form bridge of nose

Support cartilages that shape lower portion of the nose

Often fractures

Vomer

Inferior half of the nasal septum

Inferior to perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Supports cartilage that forms anterior part of nasal septum

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Largest of 3 conchae in the nasal cavity

Separate (other conchae are parts of the ethmoid bone)

Hyoid Bone

Does not join with any other bone. Provides attachments for muscles that act on the tongue, larynx, and pharynx

Vertebral column

24

cervical C1-C7

Thoracic T1-T12

Lumbar L1-L5

33 Vertebrae

With intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them

Discs are composed of fibrous cart. rings of a

Anulus Fibrous

The surround a jelly-like

Nucleus Pulposis

Herniated Disc

HNP

when the NP squeezes out through AF and presses on spinal cord or nerves

Cervical

7 cervical in the neck (C1 to C7)

C1: Atlas

C7: Axis

Thoracic

12 thoracic in the chest (T1-T12)

Lumbar

5 lumbar in lower back (L1 to L5)

Sacrum

5 fused sacral at base of spine (S1 to S5)

Coccyx

4 fused coccygeal (Co1 to Co4)

Scoliosis

An abnormal lateral bending of the vertebral column

Lordosis

An excessive curature in the lumbar region of the vertebral column

Kyphosis

An excessive curvature of the upper thoracic vertebral column

Cervical Vertebrae

C1- no body

C2- has a projection called the dens or odontoid process

C7- has a large spinous process (felt at the base of the neck)

Transverse foramina

Found only in the transverse processes cervical vertebrae (allow passage of vertebral arteries and veins)

Osteoporosis

Age-related disorder that causes the gradual loss of bone density and strength

Results in kyphosis

Superior and Inferior Costal Facets

Provide attachment points for ribs

Transverse Costal Facet

T11-T12 do not have transverse costal facets

Lumbar Vertebrae

L1-L5 have thicker body and blunt squarish spinous processes

attatchment of lumbar muscles

Intervertebral Disc

Fibrous outer layer called the annulus fibrous and a gel-like center called the nucleus pulposus

Intervertebral foramen

Opening formed between adjacent vertebrae for the exit of a spinal nerve

Cervical Vertebrae

Small body, a bidfid spinous process, transverse process that have a transverse foramen and are curved for spinal nerve passage

Dens

Axis (C2) has the upward projecting, which articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas

50% of cervical rotation occurs here

Sacrum

Formend from the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae, whose lines of fusion are indicated by the transverse ridges

Coccyx

Formed by the fusion of 4 small coccygeal vertebrae

Herniated Intervertebral Disc

Weakening of the anulus fibrosus can result in herniation (protrusion) of the nucleus pulposus and compression of a spinal nerve, resulting in pain or muscle weakness in the body regions supplied by that nerve

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Runs the length of the vertebral column, uniting the anterior sides of the vertebral bodies

Supraspinous ligament

Connects the spinous processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Nuchal ligament

Attatches to the cervical spinous processes and to the base of the skull

Fontanelles

Filled with fibrous connective tissue

In new borns so their heads can squeeze

Pectoral girdle

Clavicle and scapula

Upper limb

Humerus, radius, ulna, 8 carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Pelvic girdle

Coxal bones and sacrum (sacrum part of axial skeleton though)

Lower limb

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Pectoral girdle

Consists of the clavicle and the scapula, which serve to attach the upper limb to the sternum of the axial skeleton

Clavicle

S-shaped, somewhat flatttened bone

Sternal end of clavicle

Rounded head

Acromial end of clavicle

Flattened

Conoid tubercle of clavicle

Roughened tuberosity near acromial end; ligament attachment

Function of clavicle

Braces shoulder, keeping upper limb away from midline of body

Most frequently fractured bone in the body

Scapula

Triangular plate that posteriorly overlies ribs 2 to 7

Spine of scapula

Ridge on posterior surface

Acromion of scapula

Extension of the spine

forms apex of the shoulder; articulates with the clavicle

Coracoid process of scapula

Shaped like a bent finger

Provides attachment for tendons of the bicep brachii

Glenoid cavity of scapula

Shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus

forming glenohumeral joint

Brachium (arm proper)

humerus

Antebrachium (forearm)

Radius and ulna

Carpus (wrist)

Carpals

Manus (hand)

Metacarpals (palm), phalanges (fingers)

Trochlea

Artics with trochlear notch of ulna

Capitulum

Artics with Radial head of radius

Upper arm

Shoulder and elbow join region

Lateral and medial epicondyles

Medial epicondyle= funnt bone (protects ulnar nerve)

Fossa

Olecranon, coronoid, radial

accommodate processes of radius and ulna

Ulna is loctaed on the

Medial side of forearm

Radius is located on the

Lateral side of forearm

Interosseous membrane

Connective tissue that attaches radius and ulna