Psychopathology Test 3

Ch. 9, 10, 11, 13, Sleep disorders

Drug

Any substance other than food affecting our bodies or minds, including alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine

Substance intoxication

Cluster of changes in behavior, emotion, or thought caused by substances

Substance use disorders checklist

Individual displays a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress.

Presence of at least 2 of the following substance-produced symptoms within a 1-year period: Substance is often taken in larger amounts. Unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control substance use. Much time spent trying to obtain, use, or recover from effects of substance. Failure to fulfill major role obligations. Continued use despite persistent interpersonal problems. Reduction of important activities .Continued use in dangerous situations. Continued use despite worsening of physical or psychological problems. Craving for substance. Tolerance effects. Withdrawal reactions.

Alcohol intoxication checklist

Recent ingestion of alcohol.

Clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes that developed during, or shortly after, alcohol ingestion.

One (or more) of the following signs or symptoms developing during, or shortly after, alcohol use: Slurred speech, Incoordination, Unsteady gait, Nystagmus, Impairment in attention or memory, Stupor or coma

Alcohol withdrawal checklist

Cessation of (or reduction in) alcohol use that has been heavy and prolonged.

Two (or more) of the following, developing within several hours to a few days after the cessation of (or reduction in) alcohol use described in Criterion A:

Autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., sweating or pulse rate greater than 100 bpm), Increased hand tremor, Insomnia, Nausea or vomiting, Transient visual, tactile, or auditory hallucinations or illusions, Psychomotor agitation, Anxiety, Generalized tonic-clonic seizures,

Clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Caffeine intoxication checklist

Recent consumption of caffeine (typically a high dose well in excess of 250 mg).

Five (or more) of the following signs or symptoms developing during, or shortly after, caffeine use:

Restlessness, Nervousness, Excitement, Insomnia, Flushed face, Diuresis, Gastrointestinal disturbance, Muscle twitching, Rambling flow of thought and speech, Tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia, Periods of inexhaustibility, Psychomotor agitation.

Clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Caffeine withdrawal checklist

Prolonged daily use of caffeine.

Abrupt cessation of or reduction in caffeine use, followed within 24 hours by three (or more) of the following signs or symptoms:

Headache, Marked fatigue or drowsiness, Dysphoric mood, depressed mood, or irritability, Difficulty concentrating, Flu-like symptoms (nausea, vomiting, or muscle pain/stiffness), The signs or symptoms in Criterion B cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Cannabis intoxication checklist

Recent use of cannabis.

Clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes (e.g., impaired motor coordination, euphoria, anxiety, sensation of slowed time, impaired judgment, social withdrawal) that developed during, or shortly after, cannabis use.

Two (or more) of the following signs or symptoms developing within 2 hours of cannabis use:

Conjunctival injection, Increased appetite, Dry mouth, Tachycardia.

Cannabis withdrawal checklist

Cessation of cannabis use that has been heavy and prolonged (i.e., usually daily or almost daily use over a period of at least a few months).

Three (or more) of the following signs and symptoms develop within approximately 1 week after Criterion A:

Irritability, anger, or aggression, Nervousness or anxiety, Sleep difficulty (e.g., insomnia, disturbing dreams), Decreased appetite or weight loss, Restlessness, Depressed mood.

At least one of the following physical symptoms causing significant discomfort: abdominal pain, shakiness/tremors, sweating, fever, chills, or headache.

Clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Phencyclidine Intoxication

Recent use of phencyclidine (or a pharmacologically similar substance).

Clinically significant problematic behavioral changes (e.g., belligerence, assaultiveness, impulsiveness, unpredictability, psychomotor agitation, impaired judgment) that developed during, or shortly after, phencyclidine use

Within 1 hour, two (or more) of the following signs or symptoms:

Vertical or horizontal nystagmus, Hypertension or tachycardia, Numbness or diminished responsiveness to pain, Ataxia, Dysarthria, Muscle rigidity, Seizures or coma, Hyperacusis.

Other hallucinogen intoxication checklist

Recent use of a hallucinogen (other than phencyclidine).

Clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes (e.g., marked anxiety or depression, ideas of reference, fear of “losing one’s mind,” paranoid ideation, impaired judgment) that developed during, or shortly after, hallucinogen use.

Perceptual changes occurring in a state of full wakefulness and alertness (e.g., subjective intensification of perceptions, depersonalization, derealization, illusions, hallucinations, synesthesias) that developed during, or shortly after, hallucinogen use.

Two (or more) of the following signs developing during, or shortly after, hallucinogen use:

Pupillary dilation, Tachycardia, Sweating, Palpitations, Blurring of vision, Tremors, Incoordination.

Tolerance

Need for increasing doses of substances to produce desired effect

Withdrawal

Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms occurring with drug stopping or cutting back

Substance use disorder severity levels

Mild: 2-3 symptoms

Moderate: 4-5 symptoms

Severe: 6 or more symptoms

4 substance classes

Depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and cannabis

Sedative-hypnotic drugs

Drugs that calm people at lower doses and help them fall asleep at higher doses

Hallucinogens

Substances that cause powerful changes in sensory perception

Polysubstance use

A combination of different substance use

Synergistic effect

Effects of different drugs interact and cause a greater effect

Substance use disorder sociocultural perspective

Believes that people who are most likely to develop these disorders are living in stressful socioeconomic conditions, have families that value or tolerate drug use, or are confronted regularly by other kinds of stress

Substance use disorder psychodynamic perspective

Believes that people who are most likely to develop these disorders have powerful early years dependency needs or display substance abuse personality (NOT effective)

Substance use disorder cognitive-behavioral perspective

Believes that people who are most likely to develop these disorders have been operant conditioned by tension-reduction, rewarding effects of drugs (self-medication), have rewards-produced expectancy that substances will be rewarding, or are influenced by classical conditioning when cues or objects are present during drug use

Substance use disorder biological perspective

Believes that biological factors play a major role in drug misuse such as genetic predispositions, Neurotransmitters, and Brain circuits (well supported)

Substance use disorder Developmental psychopathology perspective

Believes it is effected by a genetically inherited predisposition, externalizing or internalizing temperament, numerous stressors throughout childhood, inadequate parenting, rewarding substance use experiences, relationships with peers who use drugs

Substance use disorder biological perspective treatments

Detoxification (Systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug) and Antagonist drugs (Blocks positive effects)

Substance use disorder cognitive-behavioral perspective treatments

Aversion therapy, Contingency management, Relapse-prevention training, Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)