Chapter 11: Endocrine Glands

What is a gland?

an organ or group of cells that makes and releases a chemical substance

What are endocrine glands?

ductless; releases hormones directly into the bloodstream

What is an example of an endocrine gland?

thyroid gland

What are exocrine glands?

use ducts; releases substances into a body surface or body cavity

What are examples of exocrine glands?

sweat glands and salivary glands

_________ glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream

endocrine

________ glands release substances into a body surface or body cavity

exocrine

What is a hormone?

a biologically active chemical messenger carried in the blood

A hormone only affects a cell if that cell has the correct ________

receptor

What dictates whether or not a hormone can affect a certain cell?

the cell's receptor

Insulin travels through the blood, but only cells with _______ receptors respond to it

insulin

What are the 4 chemical structures of hormones?

amines, polypeptides and proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids

What are amines?

made from amino acids such as tyrosine and tryptophan

What is tyrosine and tryptophan?

amino acids that make up amines

What are examples of amines?

thyroid hormones; epinephrine; norepinephrine; dopamine; melatonin

What are polypeptides and proteins?

chains of amino acids

What are examples of polypeptides and proteins?

ADH; growth hormone (GH); insulin; oxytocin; glucagon; ACTH

What are glycoproteins

a protein attached to carbohydrate groups

What are some examples of glycoproteins?

TSH; LH; FSH

What are steroids?

lipids made from cholestoral

Steroid hormones are ______ made from cholesterol

lipids

What are examples of steroids?

testosterone; estrogen; progesterone; aldosterone; cortisol

Polar hormone

usually cannot cross the plasma membrane; located on the surface of the plasma membrane

Nonpolar hormones

can cross the plasma membrane; located in the cytoplasm or inside the cll

Polar hormones _____ pass easily through the fatty interior of the plasma membra

don't

What do polar hormones do since they can't pass through the plasma membrane?

bind to a receptor on the cell membrane and activate a signal inside the cell

What do nonpolar hormones do since they can pass through the plasma membrane?

bind to receptors inside the cell and can influence gene activity

Endocrine glands can be stimulated or inhibited by _____ main types of input

three

What can cause a trigger of hormone release into the blood?

change in the blood concentration of something

What can high blood glucose cause?

insulin secretion

High blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion in which insulin ______ blood glucose

lowers; example of negative feedback

The _________ nervous system can control hormone secretion

autonomic

What is an example of the autonomic nervous system controlling hormone secretion?

the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla which leads to the release of epinephrine

How can the autonomic nervous system affect insulin secretion?

parasympathetic activity stimulates insulin secretion; sympathetic activity inhibits insulin secretion

One hormone can ________ another endocrine gland

stimulate

What do tropic hormones do?

stimulate the secretion of another hormone

What is another name for tropic hormone?

trophic hormone

What is an example of a hormone stimulating another endocrine gland?

LH stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone

The ___________ and _________ _____ control many other endocrine glands

hypothalamus; pituitary gland

What do the pituitary gland and hypothalamus help do?

control many other endocrine glands

The pituitary gland is sometimes called the _________

hypophysis

The pituitary gland has ____ major parts

two

What are the two major parts of the pituitary gland?

posterior pituitary; anterior pituitary

The posterior pituitary ______ make its own hormones

doesn't