Unit 4 - ANS

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9 Terms

1
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What activates the heart through the sympathetic nervous system?

Emotional status and stressors.

2
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What does norepinephrine do to pacemaker cells?

It makes them more active, increasing heart rate and contractility.

3
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What does epinephrine do to increase heart rate?

stimulates beta-1 receptors.

4
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What does acetylcholine do to pacemaker cells?

It causes them to hyperpolarize (relax).

5
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What is the normal heart control from the autonomic nervous system called?

Vagal tone

6
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Which division of the autonomic nervous system drives vagal tone?

parasympathetic division.

7
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What does thyroxine do to the heart?

elevates heart rate and enhances the actions of norepinephrine.

8
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Which ion levels are listed as other controls of the heart?

Ca++ and K+

9
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What other factors can affect the heart?

Age, gender, exercise, health, and body temperature.