apbio1

What are the four macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

What elements are commonly found in carbohydrates?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, such as glucose.

What is a monosaccharide?

A simple sugar; a carbohydrate monomer.

What is a disaccharide?

Two monosaccharides joined together.

What is a polysaccharide?

A large carbohydrate made of many sugar units.

What bond joins carbohydrate monomers?

Glycosidic bond.

What is the main function of glucose?

An immediate energy source for cells.

What is the function of starch?

Energy storage in plants.

What is the function of glycogen?

Energy storage in animals and fungi.

What is the function of cellulose?

Structural support in plant cell walls.

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids.

What elements are found in proteins?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen; some contain sulfur.

What are the parts of a general amino acid?

Central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and R group.

What is the amino group?

A functional group written as –NH₂.

What is the carboxyl group?

A functional group written as –COOH.

What is the R group of an amino acid?

The variable side chain that gives each amino acid its properties.

What bond joins amino acids?

Peptide bond.

What are three functions of proteins?

Enzymes, transport, and structural support; proteins also aid defense and signaling.

What is primary protein structure?

The linear sequence of amino acids.

What is secondary protein structure?

Local alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets stabilized by backbone hydrogen bonds.

What is tertiary protein structure?

The overall three-dimensional shape of one polypeptide chain.

What is quaternary protein structure?

The arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains in a protein.

What interactions help stabilize tertiary structure?

Hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and sometimes disulfide bonds.

What is protein denaturation?

A change in protein shape that can cause loss of function.

What are the building components of many lipids?

Glycerol and fatty acids; lipids do not have one universal monomer.

What elements are mainly found in many lipids?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; some lipids also contain phosphorus or nitrogen.

What is a triglyceride made of?

One glycerol and three fatty acids.

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds.

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A fatty acid with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Why does a cis double bond bend a fatty acid chain?

It creates a kink in the carbon chain.

What is the function of triglycerides?

Long-term energy storage, insulation, and cushioning.

What are the parts of a phospholipid?

A hydrophilic phosphate-containing head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

Why do phospholipids form bilayers?

Hydrophilic heads face water while hydrophobic tails face inward away from water.

What are steroids?

Lipids with four fused carbon rings; examples include cholesterol and some hormones.

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Phosphate group, five-carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base.

What elements are found in nucleic acids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHONP).

What bond connects nucleotides in the backbone?

Phosphodiester bond.

What are the complementary DNA base pairs?

Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine.

Which base does RNA use instead of thymine?

Uracil.

What is the main function of DNA?

Stores hereditary information.

What is the main function of RNA?

Helps use genetic information to make proteins and performs other cellular roles.

What is dehydration synthesis?

A reaction that joins molecules by removing water.

What is hydrolysis?

A reaction that uses water to break a chemical bond.

How does structure relate to protein function?

A protein's shape and chemical properties determine how it interacts with other molecules.