Variables, Causation, Correlation

Independent Variable

The factor researchers manipulate to see effects on behaviour

Dependent Variable

The factor researchers measure in the study as a potential effect due to the manipulation of the IV

Extraneous Variables

A factor that might effect the results

Confounding Variables

An extraneous variable that actually affects the results

Controls

Done to minimize the possibility that extraneous variables can affect results

True Experiments

• Takes place in controlled environments

• Researchers create different conditions

The IV causes the DV when…

The IV is the only factor that affects the DV

Correlation

Correlation indicates that as one variable changes, so does the other (No causation implied)

Positive correlation

The change for both variables happen in the same direction

Negative correlation

The change for both variables happen in the opposite direction

Bidirectional ambiguity

When the direction of a relationship between variables is not clear

Spurious correlations

2 variables appear to be correlated but due to chance/unseen factor

Experiments

Attempt to draw causal relationships between IV and DV