Anthropogenic Effects on Migration (105-109)

Although migratory behavior always changes and adapts based on conditions, what can be said about migration as a result of anthropogenic effects?

Most migratory behavior cant adapt to such rapid changes

What does HIREC stand for?

Human-Induced-Rapid-Environmental Change

How many climate changes affect animal migration?

Might affect the cues which trigger migratory behavior

Humans ________ create ________ for migratory animals

Directly;obstacles

Learning about how and why animals migrate allows us to do what?

Protect the animals and prevent ecosystem collapses

What is the biggest threat to migratory animals?

Climate change

What does the warming climate change about the oceans?

Raises the temperature→ overgrowth of plant life -> reduces dissolved oxygen content; intensifies and increases storm duration; melts ice caps -> drives cold adapted animals closer together

Climate change has made habitats less ________ for migratory animals

Predictable

Dramatic weather has what effect on migrators?

Delay or prevent animals from completing migration

While most animals have some degree of _______ regarding the time they begin migrating and the migration time, there are________

Flexiblity; limits

Getting blown off course for birds can be a what?

Death sentencen

Why is a bird getting blown off course while migrating often a death sentence?

They only have enough energy to travel certain distance

How are animals that rely on daylight affected by climate change?

They may arrive in environments that are hotter or colder than they would've been in the past

Animals time their migrations such that what?

They arrive at a time when resources are most abundsant

Climate change alters the times of year in which ________ are most abundant

Resources

Climate change rapidly changing weather means animals cant _______ fast enough

Adapt or recover their populations

What happens within a species of facultative migrators when migrating animals die as a result of lack of food upon arrival?

Resident animals will have a higher fitness

For facultative migrators which experience a reduction of migrators and an increase in fitness of residents, what ultimately happens to the behavior of migrating?

It will diminish or be lost because it isn't beneficial

How do animals benefit ecosystems?

They keep other plants and animals in check

If migratory animals don't keep populations in check because they stop migrating what occurws?

The populations overtake the environment and reduce overall biodiversity

A reduction of diversity makes an ecosystem susceptible to what?

Diseases or damaging events like a fire which could wipe out the majority of life in an area

What group of animals has begun to have earlier appearances as a result of climate change?

Insects

Insects are high in what macromolecule?

Proteins

Hatchling birds need what macromolecule to grow quickly to migrate at the end of the season?

Protein

Increasing temperatures cue insects to do what?

Breed and develop earlier in the season

How is arriving late in a season detrimental to birds as a result of earlier insect breeding times?

They might miss the insect abundance and have fewer chicks survive as a result

How is arriving too early in a season detrimental to birds as a result of earlier insect breeding times?

They might waste time if there's not enough mating opportunities and/or if there is more competition if not enough food yet

The shift in timing of the season as a result of HIREC leads to more _______ populations

Fragile

Animals which migrate at what time are especially sensitive to light pollution?

At night

What is typically the brightest object In the sky 9if there was no artificial lighting?

The moon

Animals which are cued by what are dramatically affected by light pollution?

Moonlight

What animal is a commone example of one affected by light pollution?

Sea Turtles

What is the scientific name for the green sea turtle?

Chelonia mydas

Green sea turtles travel how far to lay their eggs?

Thousands of miles

Where do green sea turtles lay their eggs?

The specific beaches that are the exact location they were born at

Tropical beaches which sea turtles are born at typically attract what?

Lots of tourists

How does artificial lightning affected nesting females?

They are less likely to approach beaches to lay eggs due to bright artificial;l lights at night

What is the effect or artificial lighting on hatchling sea turtles?

They disorient them and lead them further land where they are more likely to die of exhaustion or predation

What do hatchling sea turtles use to navigate toward the sea?

Moonlight

What is there less of at sea that attracts hatchlign sea turtles?

Predation

What is the scientific name for leatherback sea turtles?

Dermochelys coriacea

How does the leatherback sea turtle lay eggs?

It digs a nest on a beach

Replacing white lights with what color can reduce light pollution?

Red lights

What does using red lights over whiet ones encourage in nesting females?

To travel to the beach and lay their eggs

What does using red lights cause baby sea turtles to do?

Use moonlight rather than artificial light to go towards the sea

What makes human life easier yet physically blocks animal migration?

Fences, roads, and buildings

Migrations rely on predictable _________ and __________

Pathways and conditions

How might a farmer alter animal migration?

Puting up fences for grazing cattle which causes migrators to either attempt to cross the fence or find another route and fragments a group of migrators

By disorienting migrating wildlife, the possibility increases that they get what?

Trapped

What does trapped wildlife do?

Introduce diseases to domestic animals but also attract predators that may otherwise have followed the migrating herd

While animals CAN learn new routes what is difficult about it?:

It can be hard to disregard instinct to follow ancestral migration paths

Animals view humans as what?>

Predators

Animals do what instinctually regarding human activity?

Avoid it

What must animals that travel from remote areas to densely human populated areas have to deal with what?>

New sensory info from human made objects

Sounds and light from human populated areas can make it harder for groups pof animals to do what?

Communicate with each other and can be confusing

In addition to destroying habitats, towns and cities also do what to animal populations?

Fragment them and their paths

Human settlements prevent animals from migrating in _______ lines and may cause animals

Cohesive

Human settlements cause animals to take what types of alternate routes?

Longer, more dangerous routes

Building a housing development over or near a pond which was been migrated on by birds can prevent what?

Stop birds from stopping to rest, and ultimately make the physical toll of migration more severe and require more energy

What are wildlife bypasses?

Structures which allow animal migration such has an overhead bridge filled with wildlife which allows animals to migrate without colliding with cars

Why are wildlife bypasses not more widely adopted?>

They are expensive to create, and the evidence of their effectiveness is mixed

How can an optimal location for a wildlife bypass be chosen?

Studying the behavior of local wildlife and ecologists surveying locations to understand which locations would most benefit from bypasses

How do humans mitigate disrupting whale migrations?

Ports require ships to reduce their speed as they approach the coast to avoid collisions with whales

What type of technology helps humans avoid disrupting whale migration?

Satellite technology

How does satellite technology help mitigate whale migration disruptions ?

Tracking routes of whales allows international trade ships to chart courses to avoid collisions

Why do ecologists survey habitats before construction of buildings and roads?

To maintain functional migration pathways for animals

Research evidence and ecological surveys allow for new ______ and ________ to be created to ________ migrating animals that are ____________ to human disruption

Laws and policies ; protect; sensitive

Animals that are transplanted or moved because of human activity can often do what in new environments?

Thrive

How do insects exemplify the idea of invasive species?

They can travel on imported exotic plants

How do pets exemplify the idea of invasive species?

When they escape they can thrive in new environments

What is needed for an animal to be considered invasive species?

They must survive and breed in a new environment and also must also not be migratory

Why are artificially moved animals considered invasive?

They don't make a return journey and are thus not considered migratory

Why do invasive species often outcompetes native animals?

They have advantages in the new habitat which didn't need to evolve

Invasive species arrive in regions where there is a lack of _________ that recognize them as food

Predators

Where has the Burmese python native to?

Southeast Asia

What state has a large Burmese python population?

Florida

What are Burmese Pythons used as in Florida?

Pets

What is the scientific name for Burmese pythons?

Python bivittatus

Why are burmese pythons invasive species?

They are voracious eaters and breeders and have few predators large enough to eat them in Florida

Pet burmese pythons were often ___________ into the wild

Released

How do invasive burmese pythons affect migratory birds?

They are susceptible to them because the pythoisn eat both the adult birds and also their eggs

How is Burmese python predation different from typical native snake predation on migratory biurds?

Migratory birds are evolved to spot and defend themselves from native snakes but not Burmese pythons

What is the scientific name for feral hogs?

Sus domesticus

In what conditions do feral dogs live?

In the wild without human intervention or care

When were domesticated pigs brought to North America?

1500s

What did humans do with domesticated pigs when they were borught to North America?

Released them to establish a free-range food source

What happened to domestic pigs after being released in North America?

Hey reverted to their wild state and escaped human care

What factors allowed feral hogs to thrive in North America?

A lack of predators that can hunt them and their high reproductive rate

Feral Hog’s high reproductive rate is demonstrated in their ability to do what?

Have multiple liters a year

Feral Hogs have spread across what two nations of NA?

USA and Canada

Feral Hogs are notable for carrying what?

Diseases

Invasive species can often carry _________ tat are less harmful to themselves but are highly __________ to other wildlife

Diseases;contagious

How many diseases do feral hogs carry?

At least 30 different diseases

The diseases feral hogs carry can be passed onto what organisms?

Humans, domesticated animals and wildlife

Why are feral hogs capable of living near humans?

They are descendents of domesticated animals

Feral hogs roam in groups of what size?>

30-50

Feral hogs can be described as what?

Bold and aggressive and being less fearful of people than most other wild animals

How many humans die as a result of feral hogs attacks per year in the US?

8.6

The Photograph in the USAD resource guide shows 2 feral hogs near where?

The Kennedy Space Center

A photograph in the USAD resource guide shows evidence that feral hogs live in what state for certain?

Florida