Body Composition and Health

Vocabulary flashcards covering core concepts of body composition, obesity and overweight classifications, diabetes types, assessment methods, and health risks based on the lecture material.

Fat-free mass

All the body's nonfat tissues, including bone, water, muscle, connective tissue, organ tissues, and teeth.

Body fat

Fat that is incorporated into nerves, brain, heart, lungs, liver, mammary glands, and other body organs and tissues.

Essential fat

Fat incorporated in various tissues of the body that is critical for normal body functioning.

Adipose tissue

Connective tissue in which fat is stored, consisting of fat cells.

Subcutaneous fat

Fat located directly under the skin.

Visceral fat

Fat located around major organs, also called intra-abdominal fat.

Percent body fat

The proportion of the body's total weight that is composed of fat.

Overweight

Body weight above the recommended range for good health, sometimes defined as having a body mass index between $25.0$ and $29.9$.

Obesity

A condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat, defined in terms of total body weight or a body mass index of $30.0$ or more.

Severe obesity

A severe degree of overweight defined in terms of total body weight or a body mass index of $40.0$ or more.

Diabetes

A disease that disrupts normal metabolism by interfering with insulin production, leading to a buildup of glucose in the bloodstream.

Type 1 diabetes

A condition caused by an immune system reaction in which the body does not make enough insulin; it typically starts in childhood, has rapid symptom onset, and is treated with insulin injections.

Type 2 diabetes

The most common form of diabetes, in which the body does not respond properly to insulin; it develops slowly, is influenced by lifestyle factors and genetics, and is managed with medication and lifestyle changes.

Apple shape

A body fat distribution pattern characterized by fat storage in the upper body and abdominal region, common in men and postmenopausal women.

Amenorrhea

The absence or infrequent occurrence of menstrual periods, often associated with extremely low levels of body fat in women.

Female athlete triad

A clinical condition consisting of three interrelated disorders: abnormal eating patterns (and excessive exercising), amenorrhea, and decreased bone density.

Body mass index (BMI)

A measure of relative body weight correlating highly with direct measures of body fat, calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of body height in meters ($\text{kg/m}^2$).

Underweight (WHO classification)

A weight status classification defined by a body mass index of less than $18.5$.

Normal BMI (WHO classification)

A weight status classification defined by a body mass index range of $18.5$ to $24.9$.

Obese, Class I

A weight status classification characterized by a body mass index of $30.0$ to $34.9$.

Obese, Class II

A weight status classification characterized by a body mass index of $35.0$ to $39.9$.

Obese, Class III

A weight status classification characterized by a body mass index of $\ge 40.0$.

Substantially increased risk (Waist circumference)

A disease risk category defined by a waist circumference of $\ge 35\text{ in. } (88\text{ cm})$ for women or $\ge 40\text{ in. } (102\text{ cm})$ for men.

Underwater weighing

A body composition measurement technique in which an individual is submerged and weighed in water, calculating body fat percentage from body density with a $1\%\text{--}3\%$ margin of error.

Bod Pod

A computerized chamber that measures body composition through air displacement plethysmography, with a margin of error of $1\%\text{--}3\%$.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

A body composition assessment method that sends a small electrical current through the body and measures resistance to estimate fat percentage, with a $3\%\text{--}8\%$ margin of error.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

An advanced imaging technique measuring tissue absorption of high- and low-energy X-ray beams to assess bone mineral density and regional body composition, having a $1.6\%$ margin of error.

Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC)

An advanced laboratory technique that estimates lean body mass by passing the body through a magnetic field.

Skinfold measurement

A simple, portable method for assessing body composition by measuring the thickness of skinfolds at specific sites, with an $8\%\text{--}11\%$ margin of error.