Exam 2 Anatomy

Hip

Region of os coxae

Thigh

Area of femur

Crus

Region of tibia and fibula

Pes

Foot - Taurus and distad

Femur joins with pelvis at what aspect

Lateral

Dorsal and plantar

At Taurus on pelvic limb

Head of femur points…

Medially

During normal gait, what joints flex and extend with every stride?

Coxofemoral (hip), stilfle (knee), tarsal (hock), digital joints

Stilfle joint flex/extension

Flex: distal leg moves caudally, extension: distal leg moves cranially

Stilfle joint flex/extension

Flex: distal leg moves caudally, extension: distal leg moves cranially

Tarsal flex/extension

Flex: digits cranial, Extension: digits caudally

Digit flex/extension

Flex: tips of digits towards plantar, Extension: tip of digits dorsal

Sacroiliac joint

Attaches pelvis to sacrum of spine

Os coxae

2 make up pelvis and fuse centrally at pelvic symphysis

Bones making up os coxae

Ilium, Ishiguro, acetabulum and pubis

Pelvic canal

Space between os coxae

Head of femur articulates with this -

Acetabulum of os coxae joint

Distinguishing femur from humerus

Femoral trochlea - patellar surface at cranial aspect

Fascia

Thick connective tissue

Fascia lata

Thick connective tissue layer on craniolateral aspect of thigh

Crural fascia

Thick fascia on crus leg. Binding muscles together

Compartment syndrome

Trauma causes fascia to act like a turnoqut. Bleeding and bruising in muscle gets stuck

Gluteal muscles

Superficial, middle and deep gluteal muscles

Largest glut mm

Middle

Gluteal mm. Attachments

Originate on pelvis insert on proximal femur

All gluteal muscles…

Extend the hip

Difference between dog/cat gluteal muscles

Cats have gluteofemoralis muscle.

Sacrotuberous ligament

Attaches sacrum to greater tubercle. Absent it cats

Sacrotuberous ligament

Attaches sacrum to greater tubercle. Absent it cats

Quadriceps femoris mm

All converge onto patellar tendon/ligament

Caudal thigh muscles

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Biceps femoris

i. Origin - Sacrotuberous ligament and ischiatic tuberosity

ii. Insertion - Fascia lata and crural fascia to the patella, patellar ligament, cranial

border of tibia, tuber calcanei.

iii. Action – extend the hip, stifle, and hock. Caudal part flexes the stifle.

iv. Innervation – Sciatic n

Semitendinosus

i. Origin – Ischiatic tuberosity

ii. Insertion – tibia, tuber calcanei by means of the crural fascia

iii. Action – Extend the hip, flex the stifle, extend the hock.

iv. Innervation – Sciatic n.

Semimembranosus

i. Origin – Ischiatic tuberosity

ii. Insertion – distal femur and the proximal tibia.

iii. Action - Extend the hip. Part that attaches to the femur extends the stifle, part

that attaches to the tibia flexes or extends the stifle (depending on position of

the limb).

iv. Innervation – Sciatic n.

Medial thigh muscles

Sartorius, Gracilis, pectineus, Adductor

Sartorius

i. Origin – Ilium and thoracolumbar fascia; caudal part – ilium

ii. Insertion – Cranial part – the patella; caudal part – the cranial border of the tibia

iii. Action – Flex the hip. Cranial part – extends the stifle; caudal part – flexes the

stifle

iv. Innervation – Femoral n.

Gracilis

i. Origin – Pelvic symphysis

ii. Insertion – Cranial border of the tibia, tuber calcanei

iii. Action – Adduct the limb, flex the stifle and extend the hip and hock

iv. Innervation – Obturator n.

Pectineus

i. Origin – pubis

ii. Insertion – Distal femur

iii. Action – To adduct the limb

iv. Innervation – Obturator n.

Adductor

i. Origin – pelvic symphysis and ventral pubis

ii. Insertion – lateral femur

iii. Action – Adduct the limb and extend the hipiv. Innervation – Obturator n.

Lateral muscles of pelvis (rump)

Tensor fascia latae, superficial glueteal, middle glueteal, deep gluteal

Tensor fascia latae

i. Origin – Tuber coxae, aponeurosis of the middle gluteal muscle

ii. Insertion – Lateral femoral fascia

iii. Action – flex the hip, extend the stifle

Superficial gluteal

Origin – Sacrotuberous ligament; ilium

ii. Insertion – 3rd trochanter

iii. Action – Extend the hip and abduct the limb

Middle gluteal

i. Origin – Ilium

ii. Insertion – Greater trochanter

iii. Action – Extend and abduct the hip, rotate the pelvic limb medially

Deep gluteal

i. Origin – Body of the ilium

ii. Insertion – Greater trochanter

iii. Action – Extend and abduct the hip and rotate the pelvic limb medially

Cranial muscles of thigh

quadriceps femoris (lateralis, medialis, rectus, intermedius), iliopsoas

Quadriceps Femoris

(lateralis, medialis, rectus, intermedius)

i. Origin – Rectus femoris – ilium; vasti muscles – proximal part of the femur

ii. Insertion – Tibial tuberosity by way of the patella/ patellar ligament

iii. Action – Extend the stifle (all) and flex the hip (rectus)

iv. Innervation – Femoral n.

Iliopsoas

i. Origin – Lumbar vertebrae and cranioventral ilium

ii. Insertion – Lesser trochanter

iii. Action – Major flexor of the hip

iv. Innervation – Femoral n.

Craniolateral muscles of the leg

Cranial tibial, long digital extensor, Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus, lateral didgital extensor

Cranial tibial

i. Origin – Extensor groove; lateral edge of the cranial tibial border

ii. Insertion – Plantar surface of the base of metatarsals I and II

iii. Action – Flex the tarsus and rotate the paw laterally (supination)

iv. Innervation – Common fibular n.

Long digital extensor

i. Origin – Extensor fossa of the femur

ii. Insertion – Extensor processes of the distal phalanges of digits II, III, IV, and Viii. Action – Extend the digits and flex the tarsus

iv. Innervation – Common fibular n.

Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus

i. Origin – Lateral condyle of the tibia, proximal end of fibula, and lateral

epicondyles of the femur by means of the lateral collateral ligament of the stifle

ii. Insertion – tarsal bone; plantar aspect of the base of the metatarsals

iii. Action - Flex the tarsus and rotate the paw medially so that the plantar surface

faces laterally (pronation)

iv. Innervation – Common fibular n.

Gastrocnemius muscle

i. Origin – distal- caudal femur

ii. Insertion – tuber calcanei

iii. Action – Extend the tarsus and flex the stifle

iv. Innervation- Tibial n.

Gastrocnemius muscle

i. Origin – distal- caudal femur

ii. Insertion – tuber calcanei

iii. Action – Extend the tarsus and flex the stifle

iv. Innervation- Tibial n.

Gastrocnemius muscle

i. Origin – distal- caudal femur

ii. Insertion – tuber calcanei

iii. Action – Extend the tarsus and flex the stifle

iv. Innervation- Tibial n.

Superficial digital flexor

i. Origin – distal femur

ii. Insertion – Tuber calcanei and the bases of the middle phalanges of digits II, III,

IV and V

iii. Action – Flex the digits, flex the stifle, extend the tarsus

iv. Innervation – Tibial n.

Deep digital flexor

i. Origin – Plantar tibia, proximal fibula

ii. Insertion – Plantar surface of the base of each of the distal phalanges

iii. Action – Flex the digits and extend the tarsus

iv. Innervation – Tibial n.

Popliteus

i. Origin – Lateral condyle of the femur

ii. Insertion – Proximal caudal tibia

iii. Action – Rotate the leg medially (pronate)

iv. Innervation – Tibial n.