Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State

Hopefully less painful than chapter 9

THIS EVENT in 1789 preceded wars that rocked Europe, and also roiled domestic politics in the fledgling United States.

French Revolution

America’s population was still about 90 percent rural despite the flourishing cities. All but 5 percent of the American people lived east of THIS NATURAL LAND BARRIER. The 5 percent of people were primarily concentrated in present day Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio, all of which were welcomed as states within fourteen years.

Appalachian Mountains

Name of the fourteenth state that became a state in 1791 (before Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio)

Vermont

The mouth of the Mississippi, a vital outlet for the people of the Trans-Appalachian Americans, belonged to this group of people

Spaniards

Esteemed war hero unanimously drafted as president by the Electoral College in 1789. 6 foot 2, commanded his followers by strength of character rather than by the arts of the politician. “Perhaps the only president who did not in some way angle for this exalted office”

George Washington

Washington’s made a long journey from his hometown, Mount Vernon, to the temporary capital, which was _________

New York City

Washington’s inauguration was held in NYC and he took the oath of office on April 30, 1789, on a crowded balcony over this area

Wall Street

Soon after his inauguration, Washington established this advisory board that gradually evolved in the Washington administration

Cabinet

At first only three full-fledged department heads served under the president. Give their roles and names

Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and Secretary of War Henry Knox

Adopted by the necessary number of states in 1791, the name of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, drafted by James Madison in order to keep the Constitution while satisfying anti-federalists.

Bill of Rights

Among the American principles safeguarded by the Bill of Rights were said to be: freedom of religion, speech, and the press; the right to bear arms and to be tried by a jury; and the right to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. It also prohibited cruel and unusual punishments and arbitrary government seizure of private property. Give the name of the drafter of the Bill of Rights.

James Madison

Madison inserted THIS AMENDMENT, which declared that specifying certain rights “shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.” This was to guard against the danger that enumerating such rights might lead to the conclusion that those were the only rights the people had.

Ninth Amendment

As a gesture of reassurance to the states' righters, Madison also included THIS AMENDMENT, which reserves all rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the federal Constitution “to the States respectively, or to the people.”

Tenth Amendment

The first Congress created effective federal courts under THIS ACT in 1789, which organized the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts, and established the office of attorney general.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Name of the FIRST CHIEF JUSTICE of the US, who was one of Madison’s collaborators on the Federalist papers and one of the Republic’s most seasoned diplomats

John Jay

Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton was a native to this area

British West Indies

The action of the federal government paying off its debts at face value, plus accumulated interested- a then enormous total of more than $54 million. Pushed by Hamilton in order to bolster the national credit so there would be increased public confidence in the government

Funding at par

Also pushed by Hamilton to bolster national credit, state debts would be regarded as a national obligation because they had been incurred in the war for independence. Hamilton believed this maneuver would shift the attachment of wealthy credits from the states to the federal government and tie the states more tightly to the “federal chariot”

Assumption

States with small debts, like Virginia, were harder to convince to be in favor of assumption. Thus, a bargain was made, and Virginia was promised that the forthcoming federal district (District of Columbia) would be located on THIS RIVER.

Potomac River

This law, the first of its kind, imposed a 8 percent tax on the value of dutiable imports, and was speedily passed by the First Congress in 1789. Revenue was the main goal, but it also was designed to erect a low protective wall around infant industries.

First Tariff Law

Hamilton’s “first answer” to pay interest on the huge national debt and run the government was custom duties, derived from THIS revenue, which depended on foreign trade.

Tariff

Hamilton sought additional internal revenue and in 1791 secured from Congress a tax on a few domestic items, including whiskey. NAME this tax

Excise Tax

Distillers who lived in the backcountry, where they liquefied bulky bushels of grain to horseback proportions, had to bear the new excise tax. Give the name of THIS LIQUOR

Whiskey

As a model for his proposed new powerful private institution for he capstone of his financial system, Hamilton took as his model THIS INSTITUTION

Bank of England

The belief that the Constitution should be interpreted “literally” or “strictly,” supported by Jefferson and his followers

Strict Constructionism

Belief that called for a “loose” or “broad” interpretation of the Constitution. With this, Hamilton argued that by virtue of “implied powers,” Congress would be fully justified in establishing the Bank of the United States (following the basic functions of the government’s empowerment to collect taxes and regulate trade).

Loose Constructionism

Hamilton and his followers evolved the theory of “loose construction” by invoking this clause of the Constitution, a precedent for enormous federal powers.

Elastic Clause

Created in 1791, this private institution located in Philadelphia was chartered for 20 years, having a capital of $10 million, 1/5 of it owned by the federal government.

Bank of the United States

Riot that flared up in southwestern PA in response to Hamilton’s excise tax. The rioters regarded the tax as a burden on an economic necessarity and a medium of exhange. Give the NAME of this riot.

Whiskey Rebellion

Name of the whiskey made from rye and corn crops, that were easier to transport to eastern markets than bales of grain.

Old Monongahela Rye

Defiant distillers protesting the excise tax erected these poles, similar to the liberty poles of anti-stamp tax days in 1765

Whiskey Poles

With the hearty encouragement of Hamilton, this man who was once a revolutionary summoned the militias of several states to stop the Whiskey insurrection. Give the name of this man.

George Washington

Name of the system that has existed since the 1790s, growing from Hamilton and Jefferson’s feud. Initially questioned, later became a core part of American politics, the textbook describing as “the balance wheel on the machinery of government”

Two-party system

Name of Jefferson’s party, who supported the uprising against Louis XVI in the French Revolution initially

Democratic Republicans

Name of the historic revolution that occured a few weeks after Washington’s inauguration, left a deep scar on American political and social life.

French Revolution

In the early stages of the French Revolution, the people successfully overthrew this ruler

Louis XVI

The American people were overjoyed by the French Revolution except ultraconservative ________

Federalists

In a more ominous phase of the French Revolution in 1792, France declared war on this hostile and powerful nation

Austria

Wife of Louis XVI who also was executed by guillotine

Marie Antoinette

Rousing French song among the revolutionary songs that Americans sang in response to the French citizens’ success

The Marseillaise

The new name of King Street in New York that Americans renamed during the French rev

Liberty Street

The new name of Royal exchange Alley in Boston renamed by Americans during the French rev

Equality Lane

Radical and violent phase of the French revolution that involved beheading of the king in 1793, attacking the church, and murdering aristocrats with the guillotine

Reign of Terror

The earlier battles of the French Revolution had not hurt America directly, but started to spread to the New World more when this country got involved

Britain

The spread of the war to the New world is said to have repeated the familiar story of every major European war, beginning with 1688, that involved a watery duel for control of THIS OCEAN

Atlantic Ocean

Treaty/Alliance of 1788 that bound the US to help the French defend their West Indies against future foes, like the British fleets that were bound to attack them during the French revolution

Franco-American Alliance

Issued after the war between Britain and France, this epochal document not only proclaimed the government’s official neutrality in the widening conflict but also sternly warned American citizens to be impartial toward both armed camps. A major prop of the spreading isolationist tradition but also enormously controversial.

Neutrality Proclamation

NAME of thirty-year old French representative who landed at Charleston, South Carolina, and took advantage of the Franco-American alliance, embarking upon unauthorized activity like recruitment of armies to invade Spanish Florida and Louisiana, as well as British Canada. Later withdrawn due to his conduct and replaced.

Edmond Genet

For ten years, the British were in defiance of THIS TREATY by retaining a chain of northern frontier posts on US soil

Peace treaty of 1783

The British government was reluctant to abandon the lucrative fur trade and also hoped to build up an Indian buffer state in THIS REGION

Great Lakes

British agents openly sold firearms and firewater to THIS ALLIANCE of eight Indian nations who terrorized American invading their lands. Give the name of this alliance.

Miami Confederacy

War chief of the Miami Confederacy

Little Turtle

Little Turtle regarded THIS RIVER as the United States’ northwestern and their own (Miami Confederacy) southeastern border

Ohio River

In 1790 and 1791, Little Turtle’s braves defeated armies led by THESE GENERALS, killing hundreds of soldiers and handing the US what remains one of its worst defeats in the history of the frontier

Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair

NAME of battle in 1794 in which a new army under General “Mad Anthony” Wayne routed the Miamis, and the British refused to shelter Indians fleeing from the battle

Battle of Fallen Timbers

General who lead the new army in the Battle of Fallen Timbers against the Native Americans

General “Mad Anthony” Wayne

Subsequent to the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the confederacy signed THIS TREATY in 1795, giving up vast tracts of the Old Northwest (included most of present-day Indiana and Ohio), in exchange receiving a lump-sum payment of $20,000; an annual annuity of $9,000; the right to hunt the lands they had ceded, and somewhat recognition of their sovereign status

Treaty of Greenville

Hard-boil commanders of this part of the British military ignored America’s neutral status, eagerly wanting to starve out the French West Indies. They seized about three hundred American merchant ships in the West Indies, impressed scores of seamen into service on British vessels, and threw hundreds of others into foul dungeons. Give the name of THIS PART OF THE BRITISH MILITARY

Royal Navy

NAME of the Chief Justice that President Washington sent to London in 1794 to negotiate with the British after the attack on the West Indies

John Jay

NAME of unpopular pact in 1794 in which the British consented to pay damages for the recent seizures of American ships, but did not pledge anything about future maritime seizures and impressments or about supplying arms to Indians. Also bound the US to pay the debts still owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary accounts

Jay’s Treaty

1975 treaty between the Spain and US, granted the Americans virtually everything they demanded, including free navigation of the Mississippi, the right of deposit at New Orleans (warehouse rights), and the large disputed territory of Western Florida

Pinckney’s Treaty

Given by Washington to nation in 1796 when he decided to retire, in which he strongly advised the avoidance of “permanent alliances.” Not given orally, printed in newspapers

Farewell Address

College that Adams went to in 1751, in which he intended to prepare for the ministry, but four absorbing years of study excited him about other intellectual and career possibilities (painting by John Singleton Copely)

Harvard College

NAME of Washington’s vice president who the Federalists turned to reluctantly for the presidential nomination of 1796

John Adams

Democratic Republican Candidate for election of 1796

Thomas Jefferson

A cultured Federalist who referred to the Jeffersonians as “fire-eating salamanders, poison sucking toads”

Fisher Ames

Member of the cabinet who regarded Hamilton as “the most ruthless, impatient, artful, indefatigable and unprincipled intriguer in the United States, if not in the world.”

John Adams

Cabinet member who had resigned from the Treasury in 1795 who headed the war faction of the Federalist party in Adams’ presidency, and secretly plotted against him

Alexander Hamilton

The French were infuriated by Jay’s treaty, condemning it as the initial step toward an alliance with Britain and as a violation towards THIS 1778 treaty

Franco-American Treaty

President Adams tried to keep the nation out of war and appointed a diplomatic commission of three men to France, including this famous future chief justice

John Marshall

Adam’s envoys wanted to meet with the crafty French Foreign Minister but instead were secretly approached by three go-betweens referred to as X, Y, and Z. Give the name of the French Foreign Minister

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

The French spokemen demanded an unneutral loan of 32 million florins (about $250,000) for Adams’ envoys to talk to Talleyrand. They refused, and negotations broke down quickly. When they went back home, they came back as heroes, and war fever rose in the US. Give the name of this event.

XYZ Affair

NAME of the ship that ran on the rocks near Tripoli harbor, with three hundred officers and men imprisoned by the Tripolitans. This ship was later refloated against the Americans, but Stephen Decatur led a party of men that set it afire.

Philadelphia

In addition to the reestablishment of the Marine Corps and a new army authorization, THIS DEPARTMENT was created in response to the rising war fever after the XYZ affair

Navy Department

Bloodshed from undeclared hostilities between France and America was confined to the sea, principally to this AREA

West Indies

Adams doubtlessly percieved that a full-fledged war, with a conquest of THESE PRESENT DAY US STATES/AREAS, would bring more support to the Federalist party and possibly a second term for himself, but decided that war must be avoided. Give the name of the areas he wanted to take from France but chose not to

Floridas and Louisiana

NAME of new ambitious Corsican corporal who became dictator of France in 1800 and was eager to free his hands of the American squabble

Napoleon Bonaparte

NAME of treaty in Paris in which France agreed to annul the Franco-American treaty (“22 year old marriage of inconvenience”) but the US agreed to pay the damage claims of American shippers

Convention of 1800

NAME of federalist laws directed at European immigrants (who were supposedly more pro-Jeffersonsonian), which raised resident requirement for aliens to become citizens (from 5 to 14 years), empowered the president to deport dangerous foreigners in time of peace and to deport or imprison them in times of hostilities.

Alien Laws

NAME of the Federalist measure that was said to be a direct slap at the first amendment. This law provided that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment.

Sedition Act

NAME of congressman indicted under the Sedition Act, known as the “Spitting Lion,” gaining fame by spitting in the face of a Federalist (Roger Griswold, who he also brawled with). Sentenced to four months in jail for writing of President Adams’s “unbounded thirst for ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, and selfish avarice”

Matthew Lyon

Theory stressed by Jefferson and Madison, meant that the thirteen sovereign states, in creating the federal government, had entered into a contract regarding its jurisdiction. The theory said that the individual states were the final judges of whether their agent (the government) had broken the contract by overstepping the authority originally granted. Give the name of this theory

Compact theory

NAME of Jefferson’s resolutions that applied the compact theory to conclude that the federal regime had exceeded its constitutional powers, and that nullification towards the Alien and Sedition Acts was the “rightful remedy.” It was seen as a formulation of extreme state rights and later used by southerners to support nullification

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions

The Federalists of the pre-Constitution period became Federalists in the 1790s, and were welded by this POLITICIAN into an effective group by 1793, openly advocating rule by “the best people”

Alexander Hamilton

NAME of federalist who remarked, “Those who won the country ought to govern it”

John Jay

Lanky and relaxed in appearance, lacking personal aggressiveness, weak voiced, and unable to deliver a rabble-rousing speech, this POLITICIAN became a master political organizer through his ability to lead people rather than drive them. His strongest appeal was to the middle class and to the underprivileged.

Thomas Jefferson

Strangely, Jefferson was not a Federalist, although he was a Virginia aristocrat and slave owner. He lived in an imposing hilltop mansion, give the NAME of his estate.

Monticello

Jefferson favored THIS BRANCH of the economy, which formed the foundation of his political thought

Agriculture

Jefferson in part saw THIS SYSTEM OF LABOR could help avoid the emergence of a landless class of voters, reasoning white yeoman farmers in the South could remain independent by using this system.

Slavery

Hamilton and Jefferson also clashed over foreign policy. The Federalists sought to maintain good relations with THIS COUNTRY

Britain

Name of the country that Democratic Republicans supported (after their recent revolution)

France

Jefferson’s priorities were to protect and strengthen democracy at home, especially in the frontier regions beyond THIS NATURAL BARRIER/MOUNTAINS, rather than flex America’s muscles abroad. Give the name of the natural barrier

Appalachians