Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State

Hopefully less painful than chapter 9

THIS EVENT in 1789 preceded wars that rocked Europe, and also roiled domestic politics in the fledgling United States.

French Revolution

America’s population was still about 90 percent rural despite the flourishing cities. All but 5 percent of the American people lived east of THIS NATURAL LAND BARRIER. The 5 percent of people were primarily concentrated in present day Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio, all of which were welcomed as states within fourteen years.

Appalachian Mountains

Name of the fourteenth state that became a state in 1791 (before Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio)

Vermont

The mouth of the Mississippi, a vital outlet for the people of the Trans-Appalachian Americans, belonged to this group of people

Spaniards

Esteemed war hero unanimously drafted as president by the Electoral College in 1789. 6 foot 2, commanded his followers by strength of character rather than by the arts of the politician. “Perhaps the only president who did not in some way angle for this exalted office”

George Washington

Washington’s made a long journey from his hometown, Mount Vernon, to the temporary capital, which was _________

New York City

Washington’s inauguration was held in NYC and he took the oath of office on April 30, 1789, on a crowded balcony over this area

Wall Street

Soon after his inauguration, Washington established this advisory board that gradually evolved in the Washington administration

Cabinet

At first only three full-fledged department heads served under the president. Give their roles and names

Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, and Secretary of War Henry Knox

Adopted by the necessary number of states in 1791, the name of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, drafted by James Madison in order to keep the Constitution while satisfying anti-federalists.

Bill of Rights

Among the American principles safeguarded by the Bill of Rights were said to be: freedom of religion, speech, and the press; the right to bear arms and to be tried by a jury; and the right to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. It also prohibited cruel and unusual punishments and arbitrary government seizure of private property. Give the name of the drafter of the Bill of Rights.

James Madison

Madison inserted THIS AMENDMENT, which declared that specifying certain rights “shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.” This was to guard against the danger that enumerating such rights might lead to the conclusion that those were the only rights the people had.

Ninth Amendment

As a gesture of reassurance to the states' righters, Madison also included THIS AMENDMENT, which reserves all rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the federal Constitution “to the States respectively, or to the people.”

Tenth Amendment

The first Congress created effective federal courts under THIS ACT in 1789, which organized the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts, and established the office of attorney general.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Name of the FIRST CHIEF JUSTICE of the US, who was one of Madison’s collaborators on the Federalist papers and one of the Republic’s most seasoned diplomats

John Jay

Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton was a native to this area

British West Indies

The action of the federal government paying off its debts at face value, plus accumulated interested- a then enormous total of more than $54 million. Pushed by Hamilton in order to bolster the national credit so there would be increased public confidence in the government

Funding at par

Also pushed by Hamilton to bolster national credit, state debts would be regarded as a national obligation because they had been incurred in the war for independence. Hamilton believed this maneuver would shift the attachment of wealthy credits from the states to the federal government and tie the states more tightly to the “federal chariot”

Assumption

States with small debts, like Virginia, were harder to convince to be in favor of assumption. Thus, a bargain was made, and Virginia was promised that the forthcoming federal district (District of Columbia) would be located on THIS RIVER.

Potomac River

This law, the first of its kind, imposed a 8 percent tax on the value of dutiable imports, and was speedily passed by the First Congress in 1789. Revenue was the main goal, but it also was designed to erect a low protective wall around infant industries.

First Tariff Law

Hamilton’s “first answer” to pay interest on the huge national debt and run the government was custom duties, derived from THIS revenue, which depended on foreign trade.

Tariff

Hamilton sought additional internal revenue and in 1791 secured from Congress a tax on a few domestic items, including whiskey. NAME this tax

Excise Tax

Distillers who lived in the backcountry, where they liquefied bulky bushels of grain to horseback proportions, had to bear the new excise tax. Give the name of THIS LIQUOR

Whiskey

As a model for his proposed new powerful private institution for he capstone of his financial system, Hamilton took as his model THIS INSTITUTION

Bank of England

The belief that the Constitution should be interpreted “literally” or “strictly,” supported by Jefferson and his followers

Strict Constructionism

Belief that called for a “loose” or “broad” interpretation of the Constitution. With this, Hamilton argued that by virtue of “implied powers,” Congress would be fully justified in establishing the Bank of the United States (following the basic functions of the government’s empowerment to collect taxes and regulate trade).

Loose Constructionism

Hamilton and his followers evolved the theory of “loose construction” by invoking this clause of the Constitution, a precedent for enormous federal powers.

Elastic Clause

Created in 1791, this private institution located in Philadelphia was chartered for 20 years, having a capital of $10 million, 1/5 of it owned by the federal government.

Bank of the United States

Riot that flared up in southwestern PA in response to Hamilton’s excise tax. The rioters regarded the tax not as a burden on an economic necessarity and a medium of exhange. Give the NAME of this riot.

Whiskey Rebellion

Name of the whiskey made from rye and corn crops, that were easier to transport to eastern markets than bales of grain.

Old Monongahela Rye

Defiant distillers protesting the excise tax erected these poles, similar to the liberty poles of anti-stamp tax days in 1765

Whiskey Poles

With the hearty encouragement of Hamilton, this man who was once a revolutionary summoned the militias of several states to stop the Whiskey insurrection. Give the name of this man.

George Washington

Name of the system that has existed since the 1790s, growing from Hamilton and Jefferson’s feud. Initially questioned, later became a core part of American politics, the textbook describing as “the balance wheel on the machinery of government”

Two-party system

Name of Jefferson’s party, who supported the uprising against Louis XVI in the French Revolution initially

Democratic Republicans

Name of the historic revolution that occured a few weeks after Washington’s inauguration, left a deep scar on American political and social life.

French Revolution

In the early stages of the French Revolution, the people successfully overthrew this ruler

Louis XVI

The American people were overjoyed by the French Revolution except ultraconservative ________

Federalists

In a more ominous phase of the French Revolution in 1792, France declared war on this hostile and powerful nation

Austria

Wife of Louis XVI who also was executed by guillotine

Marie Antoinette

Rousing French song among the revolutionary songs that Americans sang in response to the French citizens’ success

The Marseillaise

The new name of King Street in New York that Americans renamed during the French rev

Liberty Street

The new name of Royal exchange Alley in Boston renamed by Americans during the French rev

Equality Lane