French Revolution (2)

King Louis XIV (14^th)

-leads the country into crippling wars

-self proclaimed as the “sun king”
-spent way too much money for the French economy to handle

-ended the edict of nantes

-raised taxes to pay for his wars

-led for 72 years

Marie Antoinette

-married to King Louis XVI

-spent lavishly

-made a model farm to mock the working class

-later executed after her husband

Louis XVIII (18^th)

-Louis XVI brother 

-The new king after Louis XVI was exiled

Jacques Necker

the Genevan banker and finance minister for King Louis XVI of France who helped trigger the events of the French Revolution.

Olympe de Gouges

-wrote Declaration of rights of Women

-her ideas were rejected

-executed because she was believed to be an enemy of the revolution

Citizen Louis Capet

-King Louis XVI citizen name

-guillotined in January 1793 after being voted guilty 

Maximillian Robespierre

-Ringleader for reign of terror

-Member of the Committee for public safety

-Executed ANY political enemies

-Passed a law suspending trials and legal assistance

-1400 people killed per month to follow

-Enemies came together to arrest and kill him

Georges  Jacques Danton

-Such forceful defense that the convention came up with a rule to conquer his disrespect

- Argued for the end of the Reign of Terror

Jean-Paul Marat

-Despised girondists

-Was killed in his bathtub

-Was symbolized as similar to Jesus

Charlotte Corday

-Royalist Sympathizer

-Brothers were emigres- nobles who fled France and wanted Regime restored

-“Killed one man to save 1,000”

-Guillotined on July 17,1793

Jacques Louis David

-the leading French painter of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, known as the master of the Neoclassicism style.  

Napoleon

-French Ruler reigned from 1804-1814

-Hero of the revolution

-Abandoned troops in Europe but this fact was hidden from the press

-Coup d’etat, Concordat of 1801, Lycee system, Napoleonic Code (Know what these are) of education all helped improve French living.

Jean Francois  Champollion

-helps decipher the Rosetta Stone

Josephine

- Napoleon’s first wife

-Napoleon divorced her because she could not provide an heir

-Previously married before Napoleon

-Cheated on Napoleon while he was away

Marie Louise (of  Austria)

-Austrian Archduchess who became the Empress of the French as the second wife of Napoleon I, and later ruled as the Duchess of Parma

Horatio Nelson

- Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758–1805) was a British Royal Navy commander famous for his decisive naval victories against French and Spanish fleets during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

Duke of Wellington

-The 1st Duke of Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, is most famous for defeating Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 alongside Prussian allies, which effectively ended the Napoleonic Wars. 

General Blucher

-His timely arrival with the Prussian army at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 sealed the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Fürst (prince) von Wahlstatt | Prussian Field Marshal, Napoleonic Wars, Battle of Waterloo.

Tsar Alexander I

- best known for defeating Napoleon Bonaparte, leading the anti-French coalition into Paris, and playing a major role in the post-war reshaping of Europe at the Congress of Vienna

King Frederick William  III

-King of Prussia from 1797 to 1840, best known for ruling the nation through the turbulence of the Napoleonic Wars, enduring a devastating military defeat, and overseeing foundational state and military reforms.

Prince Klemens von  Metternich

-One of the most influential of the five powers

-Distrusted Napoleon’s ideas

Charles Maurice  de Talleyrand

-Napoleon's chief diplomat during the years when French military victories brought one European state after another under French hegemony.

Viscount  Castlereagh

- (1769–1822) a leading Irish-born British statesman known for his key roles in British and European history during the Napoleonic Era

Republic

• Supreme power rests rests with the citizens and who they have elected as their leader

• Supported by the radicals

 Sans-Culottes

• Parisian Working class

• Shopkeepers, tradesman, artisans

• Tended to be poorer and lower class

• Got shame because of their long pants

Emigre-

• People that fled France

• hoped to undo the revolution and restore the old regime

Plebiscite

a vote of the people that was held to approve a new constitution

Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon sold the French territory to the United States for 15 million US dollars

• Known as the Louisiana Purchase

 Reign of Terror

• Led by Robbespierre

• A time where people died and were arrested constantly

• Ended by the execution of Robbespierre

Palace at Versailles

• Built by Louis XVI

• A place where nobles came together to have balls, parties, and meetings

• Very grand home

• Where the Estates General was hosted

 Jacobins

• Started as a debating society

• Mostly middle class (lawyers)

• Created a vast network of clubs

• Made the Sans- Culottes work for them

Declaration of the Rights of Man

• All males can vote

• Approved by the National Assembly

Bread Riots

A protest against the extreme scarcity, high cost, and unfair distribution of bread and grains.

Tuileries 

• Armed Parisians stormed Tuileries

• Located in Paris

• Royal family imprisoned in the “temple”

• Housed royal family from August 1792 till death

Bourgeoisie

• French middle/lower class

• Created the national assembly

• Made up of third estate

Tennis Court Oath- 

• The third estate delegates got locked out of their meeting room, they broke the door to an indoor tennis court and vowed to stay until they came up with a new constitution.

Republican Calendar

• 12 months

• 3 weeks of 10 days per month

• 5 or 6 days added at the end of the year to follow solar year

• Lasted for 12 years

 Battle of Waterloo 

• Napoleon’s final battle

• The French (Napoleon) against Britain and Prussia who were allied together against him.

• July 18, 1815

• Napoleon sent to St. Helena after this loss

Rosetta Stone

A stone that was found that helped decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics

The Temple

• The temple that Louis XVI went to before he was guillotined and prayed.

Great Fear- 

•  A wave of panic as a response to the rumor that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants.

 Bastille

• A prison in Paris

• Stormed by Parisians because they believed they were under attack on July 14th

• Known as the first sign of the French Revolution

Concordat

• An agreement that brought back the Catholic Church in France

•  The Church had to be organized and couldn't control national affairs

 Edict of Nantes

• Granted tolerance of French Protestantism

• Ended by Louis XIV

 Festival of the Supreme Being 

• Established by Robbespierre

• Meant to replace christianity

• Challenged cult of reason

• Worship done through acts of civic duty

Temple of Reason

• Created “Cult of Reason”

• Notre Dame became a temple of reason

 Cult of Reason 

• A new religion formed to replace christianity

• Based on reason, virtue, and liberty

1. Know the causes of the French Revolution and details about those causes 

• High taxes on the poor

• Third estate always getting overpowered by the first and second estates

• Widespread economy drop (everything was super expensive)

2. Know the various “estates.” Who made up each, what problems/privileges did they  face? 

First estate - clergy/catholic church

second estate - nobles

Third estate - working class

a. Committee of Public Safety 

• Formed by national convention

• Oversee foreign and domestic defence

• National convention members elected to 1 month terms for the committee

• Many were arrested and killed

b. Estates General

• A representation from all 3 estates

• Held at Palace of Versailles

• King Louis XVI still in power and called the estates to meet

 National Assembly 

• Established by the third estate (mostly bourgeoisie)

• Passed laws and reforms in the name of the people

• After the Estates General

• 3rd estate break-off

. Legislative Assembly 

• Followed the National Assembly

• Constitutional monarchy

• Develops laws

• 3 big groups 1 - radicals (big changes) 2 - moderates (some changes) 3 - conservatives (no changes)

• Suspends office of “King”

e. Directory 

• Follows the legislative assembly

• Delegates elected through “universal manhood suffrage” (all males could vote)

• Abolished the monarchy

• Governs France for 3 years under the new constitution

f. Consulate

• Three man consul

• Formed by napoleon

• A new constitution was voted for which gave all real powers to Napoleon

4. What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna? Who was involved? What  decisions were made? What were its long-term affects? 

The purpose was to diminish France from the size and power Napoleon had gained the country and to put old monarchs back onto their thrones. The 5 main people involved were Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria), Czar Alexander l (Russia), Duke of Wellington (Britain), King Frederick WIlliam lll (Prussia), and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand (France). The long term effect was that the leaders of the Congress didn’t think of future revolts after forcing smaller states to join the bigger countries. 

5. What were the various ways the borders of Europe altered during this period? (Think  Napoleon and Congress of Vienna) 

Napoleon took power of most of Europe (Belgium, parts of Italy, Germany, and the Dutch Coast). The Congress of Vienna reduced France back to its original size (1789/1782 borders). Russia acquired almost all of Poland. Germany replaced its 39 smaller states into the German Confederation dominated by Austria.

 Describe Napoleon’s rise to power.

1. Napoleon was the hero of the revolution after ending the royalist revolt. He then led the French army against Austria and the kingdom of Sardinia. Napoleon led France to victory through a multitude of battles. He then overthrew the directory and established a consul. He was a part of the first consul. A new constitution was made and gave all power to him.

Why was Napoleon accepted?

1. He was accepted because he gave France many victories.

What were Napoleons  accomplishments?

1. His accomplishments were creating the Banque De France, COncordat of 1801, Lycee System, and code Napoleon.

What were the various mistakes Napoleon made?

1. The mistakes he made were the continental system, the peninsula war, and the invasion of Russia.

What was napoleons overall  impact on France and Europe?  

1. His overall impact was that he gained France a lot of power over Europe and redrew national borders. He also fixed the French economy.

How did Napoleon’s influences reach well beyond France’s borders?

His influences reached well beyond French borders because the Napoleonic code spread nationalism, dismantled feudalism, and reformed legal systems.

9. Discuss the impact of the Reign of Terror on the French People.

The Reign of Terror devastated the French people through state-sanctioned mass violence, widespread paranoia, and economic distress.