Lecture 9: Sensory transduction: Taste, Smell, Touch

The 2 main neurotransmitters of the ANS are __________ and __________.

NorE, ACh.

Neurons are named for which __________ they synthesize and release.

neurotransmitter (NT).

Cholinergic fibers release __________.

ACh.

All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are __________ fibers.

cholinergic.

All parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are __________.

cholinergic.

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers that innervate sweat glands in skin and blood vessels in muscle are __________.

cholinergic.

Adrenergic fibers release __________.

NorE.

Almost all sympathetic postganglionic fibers are __________.

adrenergic.

Receptors are named for what they __________.

bind.

Cholinergic receptors bind __________.

ACh.

Cholinergic receptors are found on cell bodies of cells __________ to ACh.

responding.

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are __________.

cholinergic.

ACh binds on nicotinic receptors on postganglionic cell bodies in the __________ and __________ systems.

sympathetic; parasympathetic.

ACh binds to muscarinic receptors on target tissue of __________ postganglionic fibers.

parasympathetic.

Adrenergic receptors are found on cell bodies of cells responding to __________.

NorE.

Adrenergic receptors binding NorE are found on target tissue of __________ postganglionic fiber.

sympathetic.

There are 2 major classes of __________ receptors.

adrenergic (a & B).

All adrenergic receptor subclasses are __________.

metabotropic.

All adrenergic receptor subclasses are excitatory except __________.

a2 (inhibitory).

Preganglionic cell bodies in the parasympathetic system are located in __________ and __________ origins.

cranial; sacral.

Preganglionic cell bodies in the sympathetic system are located in __________ and __________ origins.

thoracic; lumbar.

__________ in parasympathetic system are located near the target organ, or within the wall of organ.

ganglia.

Ganglia in sympathetic system are located near the __________ __________.

spinal cord.

The degree of response in parasympathetic system is __________.

local.

The degree of response in sympathetic system is __________ __________ or local.

mass activation (many systems simultaneously).

The length of preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic system are:

long.

The length of preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic system are:

short.

The length of postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic system are __________.

short.

The length of postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic system are __________.

long.

The number of preganglionic axon branches in the parasympathetic system is __________.

few (1 pre to 3 post).

The number of preganglionic axon branches in the sympathetic system is __________.

extensive (1 pre to 20+ post).

Top level of control of the ANS is the __________.

hypothalamus.

Signals from hypothalamus are relayed through the __________ and __________ __________.

brainstem; spinal cord.

Cortex provides input to the __________ so that the proper response is performed.

hypothalamus.

Receptors respond to a stimuli and initiate sensory input to the __________.

CNS.

Receptors range in __________.

complexity.

__________ are changes in the sensory information that our receptors detect (internal and external).

stimuli.

__________ is the conscious awareness of incoming sensory information.

sensation.

Sensation can only occur if the sensory input has reached the __________ __________.

cerebral cortex.

Transducers change __________ from one form to the next.

energy.

Original energy is what is detected by the __________.

receptor.

Original energy detected by the receptor is converted into __________ energy.

electrical.

Original energy converted into electrical energy results in a graded potential called a __________ __________.

receptor potential.

Receptor potential must initiate an __________ __________ to transmit the signal.

action potential.

Receptor potential initiating an AP results in an AP in a __________ neuron OR the release of __________ that acts on an associated sensory neuron.

sensory; neurotransmitter.

Transducer receptors establish and maintain a __________ __________ __________ across their plasma membrane.

resting membrane potential.

Transducer receptors contain __________-gated channels in their plasma membrane.

modality.

Chemoreceptors are sensitive to specific __________.

chemicals.

Mechanoreceptors are sensitive to __________ __________.

mechanical energy.

Thermoreceptors are sensitive to __________ and __________.

heat; cold.

Photoreceptors respond to __________ __________ of light.

visible wavelengths.

Osmoreceptors detect change sin __________ __________ in body fluids.

solute concentration.

Nociceptors are sensitive to __________ __________.

tissue damage.

Some sensations are a __________ of integrated inputs.

combination (ex. wetness).

Gustation is the sense of __________.

taste.

Gustation is the detection of chemicals by __________ within the oral cavity.

chemoreceptors.

Gustation allows us to __________ the contents of the food and drink we consume.

sample.

Gustation is aided by our __________ sense.

olfactory.

Papillae possess __________ __________.

taste buds.

__________ are found on the anterior surface of the tongue, and on the soft palate.

papillae.

Taste buds house the __________ __________.

gustatory cells.

Taste buds are an onion shaped structure containing a variety of __________ cells and __________ cells.

gustatory; support.

Taste buds have taste pores where dissolved taste-producing chemicals (__________) come into contact with the variety of gustatory cells.

tastants.

Gustatory cells are the taste __________ cells.

receptor.

Gustatory cells have a specialized __________.

neuroepithelium.

In a gustatory cell, dendritic ending is formed by the gustatory __________.

microvilli.

Dendritic endings in gustatory cells extend through the __________ __________.

taste pore.

Dendritic endings in gustatory cells contact the __________ and the environment of the oral cavity.

saliva.

Tastants interact with receptors on the __________.

microvillus.

Type I gustatory cells respond to __________.

salt (Na+ ions).

Type II gustatory cells respond to __________, __________ and __________.

sweet, umami, and bitter.

Type II gustatory cells use __________ to detect tastants.

GPCR’s.

Type III gustatory cells respond to __________.

sour.

Type IV gustatory cells serve as the __________ cell.

stem.

Na+ directly enters Na+ channels, called __________ channels.

ENaC.

Sour taste is caused by free __________.

H+

H+ binds to and blocks __________ channels in the receptor membrane, reducing passive movement of __________, to taste sourness.

K+.

K+ channels for sour taste are called __________ receptors.

PKD2L1.

Sweet taste is from a specific configuration of __________.

glucose.

Glucose activates a __________ to cause depolarization through a second messenger cascade.

GPCR.

Umami taste is triggered by amino acids, especially __________.

glutamate.

__________ __________ activate a GPCR to cause depolarization through second messenger cascade for umami taste.

amino acids.

Bitter taste is triggered by a chemically diverse group including __________.

alkaloids.

Alkaloids activate a __________ to cause depolarization through second messenger cascade.

GPCR.

Type II gustatory cells contain __________ differing bitter taste receptors to respond to different bitter flavors.

50-100.

Taste perception is also influenced by other information from other receptors, especially __________ __________.

olfactory receptors.

__________ __________ influences taste from carbonic anhydrase IV in Type III cells.

carbon dioxide.

Fatty receptors influence taste from __________, found in Type I cells.

FFA1.

The taste bud tongue map is __________.

myth.

Olfaction is the detection of airborne chemicals by __________ within the nasal cavity.

chemoreceptors.

Olfaction allows us the sample our environment for:

food, other people, and danger.

Human __________is not as sensitive or developed as other organisms.

olfaction.

The olfactory epithelium is found in the __________ region of the nasal cavity.

superior.

Three types of cells in olfactory epithelium:

olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells.

The __________ __________ cells have an afferent neuron and detects odors.

olfactory receptor.

The __________ cells secrete mucus and support the olfactory receptor cells.

supporting.

The __________ are neural stem cells and give rise to new olfactory receptor cells every 40-60 days.

basal.

Olfactory glands are found within __________ __________.

lamina propia.

Olfactory glands produce __________.

mucus.

In olfactory receptor cell, bipolar neurons have a single __________ that project to CNS.

axon.