Water Transport. Midterm

ASCE Canon 1

Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties

ASCE Canon 4

Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest

The 5 stages of a project

Planning

Designing

Construction

Operation

Maintenance

(De-commissioning)

Risk to the public

flooding from levee and dam breaks

ferry accidents

leaks of dangerous cargo

Risk to users

Collisions and grounding of vessels

Risk to economy

Interruptions of cargo movement

Shutdowns

Risk to environment

Hazardous cargo discharge

Habitat or migration damage

Pollution

Passing

Moving in opposite directions to meet and pass

Overtaking

One vessel overtakes and passes another moving in the same direction

Lock queuing procedures

First in - First out

Appointment

Shortest Lock Time First

Longest Lock Time First

Info needed for port design

• Topography (water depth, land elevation, etc)

• Ocean conditions (wave heights, directions, etc)

• Geotech reports

• Climate reports (wind, sea level, etc)

• Vessel characteristics & dimensions

• Channel parameters

• Maneuverability

• Cargo types

• Intermodal connections

• Landside logistics

Dolphin

Man-made berthing or mooring structure that extends above water level and is not connected to the shore or any other structure like a quay wall or jetty

Safety Factor

Structure resistance (capacity) / Applied load (demand)

Types of Transportation Modes

Water

Rail

Highway

Air

Pipeline

Marine Transportation System (MTS)

The collection of waterways, ports, vessels, equipment, intermodal connectors, information systems, and stakeholders that work together to move people and goods from origin to destination using waterborne transport for at least part of the journey

Intermodal Transport

Movement of passengers or freight by two or more modes in a single trip.

Multimodal Transport

Movement of passengers or freight by alternative modes

Freight Categories

Bulk

Breakbulk

Roll-on/Roll-off

Walk on/Walk off

Lighter on board

Container

Project

Bulk Cargo

Loose, flowable material that can loaded/unloaded by pipeline, conveyor, or grab (clamshell). Includes dry products like grain, coal, ore, and chemicals, and wet products like petroleum products, chemicals, and water. Also scrap metal

Container Cargo (Lo/Lo)

materials that are contained within closed boxes. Any cargo can be placed in a container but usually includes perishable (e.g. bananas) or higher value goods (electronics) that need protection from damage or pilferage.

Breakbulk Cargo

materials that are loaded/unloaded piecewise by lifting and lowering. Often palletized. Includes metal sheets, rolls, and bars, lumber, and food products.

Roll on/ Roll off Cargo (Ro/Ro)

vehicles or wheeled containers that can be rolled on and off via a ramp. Includes cars/trucks, agricultural/military vehicles, loaded truck trailers.

Walk on/Walk off Cargo (Wo/Wo)

human or animal passengers

Lighter on Board Cargo

a waterborne vessel that can be lowered over the side into water and move independently of delivery ship, perhaps by tug.

Project Cargo

odd-sized or shaped items or very heavy items that require special handling. Includes rocket motors, nuclear plant components, large HVAC system pieces.

TEU

Twenty ft equivalent unit

Engineering Principles

Safe

Effective

Efficient

Cost-effective

Reliable

Robust

Environmental Sustainability

Social Value

Aesthetic Value

Secure

Weather & Hydraulic Factors for Navigation Projects

Waves

Wind

Current (Tidal and/or River)

Tides

Salinity

Visibility (Fog, Rain, Snow)

Ice

Physical Data to be Evaluated

Weather:

Wind

Waves (Rain, Smog, Fog, Snow)

Ice

Site Conditions:

Current (Tidal, River, Seiche, Wave Generated)

Sediment movement of longshore drift

Type of bottom (Soft or Hard)

Water depths and water level fluctuations

Obstructions (Sunken Vessels, Abandoned Structures, etc.)

Existing bridge crossings (Location, Type Clearance0

Joint Probability

Probability that multiple events occur together.

Safety Factor Design

Adds a fixed design margin by increasing loads or reducing allowable strength.

Risked Based Design

Evaluates risk using both probability of failure and consequences of failure.

Port

location where design vessels can berth to load/unload cargo and cargo can be transferred to other modes or vessels. Usually includes dock, wharf, or moorings; equipment for loading/unloading and moving cargo; warehousing or land for temporary storage; and intermodal connections to rail, highway, or pipeline. Usually owned and operated by governmental or quasi-governmental organization

Terminal

facility for loading/unloading one vessel at a time or a specific type of vessel. A typical port will have several terminals. Many private terminals are located separately from ports. Some terminals are operated by private concern but located on public ports

Harbor

a protected waterbody where vessels moor

Examples of Ports and Terminals

Port of Gulfport

Port of New York and New Jersey

Lowndes County Port, Tom

Soya and Weyerheyser Terminals

Types of Intermodal Connectors and Ports

Railway

Highway

Pipeline

Air link

Bus and Train

Short-Sea-Shipping

Railway

mostly private rail system, but some ports own rail lines on port and to some offsite terminal. U.S. Rail system is non-government and badly fragmented, e.g. Chicago

Highway

most common. Severe congestion problems.

Examples: Gulfport, New Orleans, Los Angeles-Long Beach Ports

Pipeline

common for POL

Airlink

not common, but Boston has one

Bus and Trains

passengers from ferries

Short-Sea-Shipping

between shallow draft and deep draft vessels

Information Sources

Charts

Water levels

Navigation aids (Coast Guards)

Weather info (National Weather Service)

Automatic Identification Systems (AIS)

GPS

Other

Examples of Chart Information Sources

Show channel depths, landmarks, etc.

Paper

ENC - electronic navigation charts

Coasts and estuaries are done by NOAA/NOS

Inland waterways are done by COE

Examples of Water Levels Information Sources

Paper

Electronic versions

Real time

Coasts and estuaries NOS

Inland USGS

Length Overall (LOA)

Distance along centerline from extreme point in bow to extreme point in stern.

Length on Waterline (LWL)

Distance parallel to centerline along waterline in design-loaded condition.

Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP, LPP, or L)

Distance along centerline between bow and stern main perpendicular structural members

Beam (B)

Horizontal width of vessel at widest point

Draft (T)

Vertical distance from waterline to deepest point of vessel. (usually)

Forward & After Drafts (Tf, Ta)

Measured at the Perpendiculars or at draft marks.

Mean Draft (Tm)

Average of TF and TA

Freeboard (F)

Vertical distance from waterline to highest watertight point on vessel

Air Draft (T air)

Vertical clearance above waterline

Displacement

Weight of water displaced by the vessel. Expressed in Long Tons (2240lbs)

Displacement Volume

Volume of water displaced by the vessel

Deadweight Tonnage (DWT)

Displacement of fully loaded vessel minus Light Displacement

Loaded Displacement

Displacement of fully loaded vessel

Light Displacement

Displacement of empty vessel

Gross Register Tonnage

Total internal capacity as denoted on vessel's registry

Net Register Tonnage

DWT Minus displacement of crew, crew spaces, and propulsion as denoted on vessel's registry

Archimedes' Principle

A vessel displaces a volume of water equal to its own weight

Trim

Difference in draft between forward and aft

List

Difference in draft side to side

Plimsoll Line (Internal load line)

Markings on a seagoing vessel's hull to indicate maximum safe draft under various conditions

Rake

Sloped front end of a vessel to reduce drag.

Ballast

Gives stability to a ship by putting a heavy substance in its bilge.

(When a tanker or bulk cargo ship has discharged its cargo, it typically takes on ballast by flooding internal tanks with seawater in order to maintain stability and keep the propeller immersed, sometimes referred to as "Sailing draft" Maximum ballast Capacities of most vessels are on the order of ½ of their full load displacement

(tankers "in ballast" is ordinarily at 30-50% of its full load displacement)

Bilge

The area on the outer surface of a ship's hull where the bottom curves to meet the vertical sides. The lowest internal portion of the hull

One Way Traffic

Single channel. One direction passage at a time

Two Way Traffic

Multi-lane traffic either passing or overtaking

U.S. Lock Traffic Priorities (These are typical, but actual priorities are set by the lock master)

1. U.S. Military Craft

2. U.S. Government Craft

3. Commercial Passenger Craft

4. Commercial Cargo Vessels

5. Commercial Fishing Craft

6. Recreational Craft

Vertical Ship Motion

Heave = Directly Up and Down from the vertical, central axis of ship

Pitch = Moving around the Horizontal Axis of the ship that runs side to side

Roll = Moving around the horizontal axis that runs from the front to back of the ship

Horizontal Ship Motion

Yaw = Moving around the vertical, central axis of the ship

Sway = Moving side to side on the horizontal axis of the ship

Surge = Moving front to back

Vessel Propulsion & Steering

Steering occurs by deflecting the prop jet with the rudder

Maximum steering occurs when you have prop working at full power