psychology

Dynamic unconscious:

Active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces

Cognitive unconscious

All mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though the person does not experience them

Clever Hans

People tensed slightly while Hans tapped and relaxe when he reached the right number. Hans watched for that change and stopped tapping

System 1 Dual-process theories

Fast, automatic, and unconscious processing

System 2 Dual-process theories

Slow, effortful, and conscious processing

Daniel Wegner

he brain runs unconscious machinery that generates both the action and the thought leading up to it

Hypnagogic state

Pre-sleep consciousness

Hypnic jerk

Sudden quiver or sensation of dropping, as if missing a step on a staircase

Hypnopompic state

Post-sleep consciousness

Circadian rhythm

Naturally occurring 24-hour cycle

REM sleep

Characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity

where does dreaming mostly occur

Dreaming occurs most often in this stage

EEG patterns in awake

beta

Drowsy relaxed eeg patterm

alpha waves

stage 1 sleep EEG

theta waves

stage 2 sleep eeg patterns

sleep spindles

stage 3.4 EEg patterns

delta waves

rem sleep eeg patterns

fast, random

Somnambulism

sleepwalking

5 charactersitics in dreaming

Intense emotion

 Illogical thought

 Fully-formed and meaningful sensation

 Uncritical acceptance

 Difficulty remembering dream on waking

what does freud say about dreams

dreams may represent wishes or suppressed thoughts.

Activation–synthesis model:

Dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep

dream Neurocognitive theory

Dreaming is enabled by the default network, which supports imagination and daydreaming while awake, and leads to the experience of scenarios similar to the ones experienced while awake

Psychoactive drugs

Chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain’s chemical message system

Positive reinforcement

People try psychoactive drugs and then repeat the use of those drugs because they induce a positive psychological state

Negative reinforcement

People often continue to use psychoactive drugs to reduce or eliminate withdrawal symptoms that arise after the drug leaves their system.

Depressants

Substances that reduce activity of central nervous system

effects of depressants

edative or calming effect, tend to induce sleep in high doses, and can arrest breathing in extremely high doses

some depressants substnaces

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and toxic inhalants

Alcohol increases activity of neurotransmitter …..

GABA

Stimulants

Substances that excite the central nervous system,

heightening arousal and activity levels

some stimulants

caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine,

modafinil, and Ecstasy

what do stimulants increase

levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, increasing alertness and energy in the user

side effect of stimulants

psychological and physical problems insomnia, depression, aggression, and paranoia

Death from a heart attack or hyperthermia

Narcotics (Opiates)

Highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain

narcotic drugs

heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

hypnotic efefcts

Posthypnotic amnesia., Memory, Hypnotic analgesia