Microscopes and cells study guide test

magnification

An increase in the apparent size of an object

clarity

(n.) clearness, accuracy

resolution

-It is the ability of a microscope to show two separate points as two distinct objects rather than one blurry blob.

-Higher resolution means you can tell two close-together structures apart.

inversion

-a chromosome rearrangement where a segment of DNA breaks off, flips 180 degrees (upside down), and reattaches in the reverse order

-"In" means Inside-out or Inverted.

working distance

-the distance between the specimen and the objective lens

-Think of working distance as the actual "room to work" under the lens.

field of vision

-all the area a person can see while looking straight ahead

Depth of Field

-the distance in front of a camera and its lens in which objects are in apparent sharp focus

-The more you zoom IN, the THINNER your slice of focus becomes.

Prokaryotic Cells

cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

eukaryotic cell

cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

loose floating DNA

Adenosine triphosphate

-compound used by cells to store and release energy

-ATP

cristae

folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria

matrix

-Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

-watery goo

thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

granum/grana

a stack of thylakoid disks within the chloroplast

stroma

In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.

centriole

structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division

Phospholipid

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

Hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

Water fearing

amphipathic

having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

peripheral

the outer parts, edges, or structures located away from the central core of an organism, organ, or cell

integral

necessary for completeness

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

diffusion

-Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

-No help needed

facilitated diffusion

-process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels

-Protein help needed

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Pinocytosis

process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

Phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

Concentration

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

equilibrium

a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

polarized

Divided into sharply opposed groups

hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Why do we use microscopes?

Because they let us see things that we can't see with the naked eye.

resolution regarding a microscope

Improves your ability to see fine details clearly, up to the physical limit of the lens.

inversion regarding a microscope

Keeps the image flipped upside down and backward (moving the slide right moves the image left).

working distance regarding a microscope

the lens gets much closer to the slide

field of vision regarding a microscope

you see a smaller, zoomed-in circular area of the specimen.

depth of field regarding a microscope

the vertical layer of the specimen that stays in focus becomes much thinner.

compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Both cell types possess DNA, a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.

Nucleus: Prokaryotes have none; Eukaryotes do.

Organelles: Prokaryotes lack them; Eukaryotes have many (e.g., mitochondria).

Size: Prokaryotes are small; Eukaryotes are large.

Complexity: Prokaryotes are always single-celled; Eukaryotes are mostly multicellular.

3 parts of the cell theory

1) all living things composed of cells,

2) cells are the basic unit of structure and function

3) new cells are produced from living cells

How did Hooke contribute to the cell theory?

Named the "cell" after looking at non-living cork

How did Von Leeuwenhoek contribute to the cell theory?

First to see living cells

How did Schleiden contribute to the cell theory?

Proved all plants are made of cells.

How did Schwann contribute to the cell theory?

He concluded that all animals are made of cells.

How did Virchow contribute to the cell theory?

Proved all cells come from other cells

What is the Nucleus and its function?

Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum and its function?

-(rough ER) is a network of folded, interconnected membranes located near the nucleus

-Its primary job is protein processing and folding

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum and its function?

-(smooth ER) is a network of tubular membranes found within the cytoplasm of the cell.

-handles lipids, detoxification, and storage

What is golgi apparatus and its function?

flattened stacks that process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids from the ER

What is the mitochondria and its function?

Power house of the cell and produces and supplies the cell with energy. It converts chemical energy from the food we eat and turns it into cell energy. (Cellular respiration)

What is the chloroplasts and its function?

-a specialized, double-membrane organelle found inside the cells of plants and algae

-Its primary job is photosynthesis

-find a lot of it in leaves

What is the vacuole and its function?

-membrane-bound storage sac located inside the cytoplasm of a cell

-general job is storage and maintenance

What is the central vacuole and its function?

single, massive vacuole taking up most of the plant cell's volume. It stores water and nutrients.

What is the contractile vacuole and its function?

in single-celled organisms living in water. It acts as a pump, collecting and expelling excess water from the cell so the organism doesn't flood and burst.

What is the vesicles and its function?

Smaller, temporary sacs used to store ingested food particles or transport materials around the cell until they can be broken down by lysosomes.

What is the lysosome and its function?

-small, round, membrane-bound organelle found inside the cell that contains highly acidic, powerful digestive enzymes

-primary job is waste disposal and recycling

What is the centrosome and its function?

The centrosome is the 'cell center' near the nucleus that generates microtubules and organizes the mitotic spindle.

What is the ribosome (attached and free-floating) and its function?

a tiny, non-membrane-bound cellular structure made of RNA and proteins. It acts as the cellular factory responsible for protein synthesis, translating genetic instructions into functional protein chains.

What is the cell wall and its function?

It is located outside the cell membrane and provides protection and support for the cell

What is the cytoskeleton and its function?

Network of protein strands located in cytoplasm that provides support and structure

What is cytosol function and its function?

distributes materials by diffusion; stores glycogen, pigments, and other materials

What is the cell membrane function and its function?

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

follow the path of a protein from nucleolus to its job

mitochondria, rough er, cell membrane

basic idea of the endosymbiotic theory

how complex cells (eukaryotes) evolved from simple cells (prokaryotes).

-Margulis came up with this theory

which organelles are only found in plants?

large vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts

Which organelles are only found in animals?

centrosome and lysosomes

which organelles are found in plants and animals?

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Ribosomes

Vacuoles

Cytoplasm & Cytosol

Plasma Membrane

cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm ( goo and water)

Name the 4 main components of the cell membrane and what each one does

Phospholipids: Form the structural bilayer and act as a barrier to control what enters and exits.

Proteins: Act as transport channels, receptors for signaling, and enzymes.

Carbohydrates: Function as cellular "name tags" for cell recognition and immune response.

Cholesterol: Maintains membrane fluidity and stability across changing temperatures.

differences of active transport

Requires ATP energy to move molecules.

Moves substances against the concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).

Uses specific transmembrane carrier proteins or pumps.

Acts like pushing a boulder up a hill.

Examples include the sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

differences Passive Transport

Requires no energy from the cell.

Moves substances down the concentration gradient (from high to low concentration).

Utilizes the phospholipid bilayer or protein channels.

Acts like letting a boulder roll down a hill.

Examples include simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

Similarities between active and passive transport

Both transport essential materials across the cell membrane.

Both are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Both can use membrane proteins to facilitate the movement of molecules.

down the concentration gradient

from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

against the concentration gradient

from low to high concentration

compare and contrast simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis (which way are the particles moving, any help needed, ect.?)

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are all passive transport mechanisms where particles move down their concentration gradient from high to low concentration without using cellular energy (ATP)

*check back at the definitions to know what the contrast is*

why is water the particle moving in osmosis? why doesnt the solute move?

-Water molecules are very small and can slip directly through the tiny gaps in the lipid bilayer

-Solutes (such as large sugar molecules, proteins, or charged ions like salt) are typically too big or chemically restricted (polar/charged) to pass freely through the hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane

-If the solute does manage to cross the membrane, that process is called diffusion

define and apply the osmotic solutions names and tell which way the water is moving and what will happen to the cell

-Hypertonic Solution

-Water moves out of the cell

-Animal cells shrink

-Plant cells experience plasmolysis (the plasma membrane pulls away from the rigid cell wall)

-Hypotonic Solution

-Water moves into the cell

-Animal cells swell and burst

-plant cells become firm

Isotonic Solution

-water moves in and out at an equal rate, maintaining dynamic equilibrium

-The cell volume remains stable and unchanged

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

Exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.