A&P exam 1

Cytosol

intracellular fluid; mostly water with dissolved solutes, inclusions (storage molecules), and proteins; site of many
important chemical reactions

Cytoskeleton

network of protein
filaments; creates and maintains shape;
holds organelles in place; provides
transportation for substances within cell

Integral proteins

span entire membrane; “transmembrane” proteins

Peripheral proteins

found only on one side of membrane or other

How to remember the characteristics of living organisms

Cats Might Grow Extra Red Mice Randomly

How to remember the levels of structural organization

Chemicals Can Train Our Organic Organisms

What organ system is this

Endocrine system

What organ system is this

Cardiovascular system

What organ system is this

Lymphatic system

What organ system is this

Urinary

What organ system is this

Integumentary system

Negative loop

Makes the variable go in a different direction

Suspension

Large, uneven distributed particles

Colloids

Small, even distributed particles and will not seethe out

Solutions

Will not settle out and includes Solute and Solvent

Cholesterol

lipid; stabilizes plasma membrane’s fluid structure during temperature changes

glycoproteins

carbohydrate bound to either lipid
or protein respectively

Agonists

mimic ligand’s actions; stimulate receptor

Antagonists

inhibit ligand’s actions by blocking receptor

Diffusion

movement of solute molecules from high to low concentration; move
down (with) concentration gradient until equilibrium

Simple diffusion

mostly nonpolar solutes (oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipids, and hydrocarbons); pass through phospholipid bilayer without membrane protein

Tonicity

way to compare osmotic pressure gradients between two solutions: cytosol and ECF

Phagocytosis

cells ingest large particles like bacteria or dead or damaged cells or parts of cell

Pinocytosis

cells engulf fluid droplets from E C F

Peroxisomes

They contain enzymes that carry out oxidation reactions, often producing hydrogen peroxide

Ribosomes

tiny granular nonmembrane-bound organelles; site of
protein synthesis

Lysosomes

organelles responsible for digestion of worn out cells or cellular components

Cytoskeleton

dynamic structure; changes function based on needs of cell:

Action Filaments

• Supports the plasma membrane

• Involved in cell motion and cell division

Intermediate Filaments

• Form the framework of the cell

• Support the shape and size of the nucleus

• Provide cell strength

Microtubes

• Maintain the position of organelles

• Form the core of cilia and flagella

• Move vesicles and organelles throughout the cell

3 main structures in the nucleus

• nuclear envelope

• DNA protein in nucleoplasm

• One or more nucleoli

Sebaceous glands release their secretory products by collecting the product intracellularly until the entire cell ruptures and dies. What mode of secretion is this?

Holocrine secretion

Which component of the extracellular matrix is primarily responsible for resisting tensile forces and stretching in tissues like tendons?

Collagen fibers

Marfan syndrome is a genetic connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin-1. Which extracellular matrix fiber is directly impacted?

Elastic

spindle-shaped, non-striated cells under involuntary control

Smooth muscle

What is this

Reticular Tissue

What is this

Dense Regular elastic tissue

What is this

Hyaline cartilage