HIST midterm unit4

Harappan Civilization

EN: Indus Valley urban civilization with planned cities and trade. | JP: 計画都市と交易を特徴とするインダス文明。

Identify the term: Indus Valley urban civilization with planned cities and trade?

Harappan Civilization | JP: 計画都市と交易を特徴とするインダス文明。

What should you remember about Harappan Civilization?

Indus Valley urban civilization with planned cities and trade. | JP: 計画都市と交易を特徴とするインダス文明。

Indus Valley Civilization

EN: Ancient South Asian civilization centered on the Indus River system. | JP: インダス川流域を中心に発展した古代南アジア文明。

Identify the term: Ancient South Asian civilization centered on the Indus River system?

Indus Valley Civilization | JP: インダス川流域を中心に発展した古代南アジア文明。

What should you remember about Indus Valley Civilization?

Ancient South Asian civilization centered on the Indus River system. | JP: インダス川流域を中心に発展した古代南アジア文明。

Vedic Culture

EN: Indo-Aryan culture in India shaped by Vedic religious traditions. | JP: ヴェーダ宗教の伝統に基づく古代インド文化。

Identify the term: Indo-Aryan culture in India shaped by Vedic religious traditions?

Vedic Culture | JP: ヴェーダ宗教の伝統に基づく古代インド文化。

What should you remember about Vedic Culture?

Indo-Aryan culture in India shaped by Vedic religious traditions. | JP: ヴェーダ宗教の伝統に基づく古代インド文化。

Vedas

EN: Sacred early texts that became foundational to Hindu traditions. | JP: 後のヒンドゥー教の基礎となった古代の聖典。

Identify the term: Sacred early texts that became foundational to Hindu traditions?

Vedas | JP: 後のヒンドゥー教の基礎となった古代の聖典。

What should you remember about Vedas?

Sacred early texts that became foundational to Hindu traditions. | JP: 後のヒンドゥー教の基礎となった古代の聖典。

Caste System

EN: Social hierarchy organizing people into hereditary status groups. | JP: 世襲的な身分集団に人々を分ける社会階層制度。

Identify the term: Social hierarchy organizing people into hereditary status groups?

Caste System | JP: 世襲的な身分集団に人々を分ける社会階層制度。

What should you remember about Caste System?

Social hierarchy organizing people into hereditary status groups. | JP: 世襲的な身分集団に人々を分ける社会階層制度。

Hinduism

EN: Diverse Indian religious traditions rooted partly in Vedic beliefs. | JP: ヴェーダ思想などを背景に形成された多様なインド宗教伝統。

Identify the term: Diverse Indian religious traditions rooted partly in Vedic beliefs?

Hinduism | JP: ヴェーダ思想などを背景に形成された多様なインド宗教伝統。

What should you remember about Hinduism?

Diverse Indian religious traditions rooted partly in Vedic beliefs. | JP: ヴェーダ思想などを背景に形成された多様なインド宗教伝統。

Siddhartha Gautama

EN: Teacher known as the Buddha after seeking a path beyond suffering. | JP: 苦しみからの解放を求め、ブッダと呼ばれた思想家。

Identify the term: Teacher known as the Buddha after seeking a path beyond suffering?

Siddhartha Gautama | JP: 苦しみからの解放を求め、ブッダと呼ばれた思想家。

What should you remember about Siddhartha Gautama?

Teacher known as the Buddha after seeking a path beyond suffering. | JP: 苦しみからの解放を求め、ブッダと呼ばれた思想家。

Buddhism

EN: Religion teaching a path to overcome suffering and attachment. | JP: 苦しみと執着を乗り越える道を説く宗教。

Identify the term: Religion teaching a path to overcome suffering and attachment?

Buddhism | JP: 苦しみと執着を乗り越える道を説く宗教。

What should you remember about Buddhism?

Religion teaching a path to overcome suffering and attachment. | JP: 苦しみと執着を乗り越える道を説く宗教。

Four Noble Truths

EN: Buddhist teaching explaining suffering, its cause, and its end. | JP: 苦しみ・原因・終わり・その道を示す仏教の基本教義。

Identify the term: Buddhist teaching explaining suffering, its cause, and its end?

Four Noble Truths | JP: 苦しみ・原因・終わり・その道を示す仏教の基本教義。

What should you remember about Four Noble Truths?

Buddhist teaching explaining suffering, its cause, and its end. | JP: 苦しみ・原因・終わり・その道を示す仏教の基本教義。

Eightfold Path

EN: Buddhist practices meant to lead toward liberation from suffering. | JP: 苦しみからの解脱を目指す八つの実践。

Identify the term: Buddhist practices meant to lead toward liberation from suffering?

Eightfold Path | JP: 苦しみからの解脱を目指す八つの実践。

What should you remember about Eightfold Path?

Buddhist practices meant to lead toward liberation from suffering. | JP: 苦しみからの解脱を目指す八つの実践。

Mauryan Empire

EN: Major Indian empire that unified much of South Asia. | JP: 南アジアの広い地域を統一した古代インドの大帝国。

Identify the term: Major Indian empire that unified much of South Asia?

Mauryan Empire | JP: 南アジアの広い地域を統一した古代インドの大帝国。

What should you remember about Mauryan Empire?

Major Indian empire that unified much of South Asia. | JP: 南アジアの広い地域を統一した古代インドの大帝国。

Ashoka

EN: Mauryan ruler who promoted Buddhism after violent conquest. | JP: 征服戦争後に仏教を保護・普及したマウリヤ朝の王。

Identify the term: Mauryan ruler who promoted Buddhism after violent conquest?

Ashoka | JP: 征服戦争後に仏教を保護・普及したマウリヤ朝の王。

What should you remember about Ashoka?

Mauryan ruler who promoted Buddhism after violent conquest. | JP: 征服戦争後に仏教を保護・普及したマウリヤ朝の王。

Indo-Aryans

EN: Indo-European-speaking peoples associated with Vedic culture in India. | JP: インドのヴェーダ文化と結びつくインド・ヨーロッパ語族の人々。

Identify the term: Indo-European-speaking peoples associated with Vedic culture in India?

Indo-Aryans | JP: インドのヴェーダ文化と結びつくインド・ヨーロッパ語族の人々。

What should you remember about Indo-Aryans?

Indo-European-speaking peoples associated with Vedic culture in India. | JP: インドのヴェーダ文化と結びつくインド・ヨーロッパ語族の人々。

Sanskrit

EN: Ancient Indo-Aryan language used in Vedic religious texts. | JP: ヴェーダ聖典に使われた古代インド・アーリア語。

Identify the term: Ancient Indo-Aryan language used in Vedic religious texts?

Sanskrit | JP: ヴェーダ聖典に使われた古代インド・アーリア語。

What should you remember about Sanskrit?

Ancient Indo-Aryan language used in Vedic religious texts. | JP: ヴェーダ聖典に使われた古代インド・アーリア語。

Varna

EN: Broad hereditary social categories described in ancient Indian tradition. | JP: 古代インドで示された大きな世襲的社会区分。

Identify the term: Broad hereditary social categories described in ancient Indian tradition?

Varna | JP: 古代インドで示された大きな世襲的社会区分。

What should you remember about Varna?

Broad hereditary social categories described in ancient Indian tradition. | JP: 古代インドで示された大きな世襲的社会区分。

Brahmins

EN: Priestly group with high ritual status in Vedic society. | JP: ヴェーダ社会で高い儀礼的地位を持つ祭司層。

Identify the term: Priestly group with high ritual status in Vedic society?

Brahmins | JP: ヴェーダ社会で高い儀礼的地位を持つ祭司層。

What should you remember about Brahmins?

Priestly group with high ritual status in Vedic society. | JP: ヴェーダ社会で高い儀礼的地位を持つ祭司層。

Dharma

EN: Duty or proper conduct connected to moral and social order. | JP: 道徳・社会秩序に結びつく義務や正しい行為。

Identify the term: Duty or proper conduct connected to moral and social order?

Dharma | JP: 道徳・社会秩序に結びつく義務や正しい行為。

What should you remember about Dharma?

Duty or proper conduct connected to moral and social order. | JP: 道徳・社会秩序に結びつく義務や正しい行為。

Karma

EN: Actions and their consequences affecting future existence. | JP: 行為とその結果が将来の存在に影響するという考え。

Identify the term: Actions and their consequences affecting future existence?

Karma | JP: 行為とその結果が将来の存在に影響するという考え。

What should you remember about Karma?

Actions and their consequences affecting future existence. | JP: 行為とその結果が将来の存在に影響するという考え。

Samsara

EN: Cycle of birth, death, and rebirth in Indian religious thought. | JP: 生・死・再生を繰り返す輪廻の考え。

Identify the term: Cycle of birth, death, and rebirth in Indian religious thought?

Samsara | JP: 生・死・再生を繰り返す輪廻の考え。

What should you remember about Samsara?

Cycle of birth, death, and rebirth in Indian religious thought. | JP: 生・死・再生を繰り返す輪廻の考え。

Moksha

EN: Liberation from the cycle of rebirth. | JP: 輪廻からの解放。

Identify the term: Liberation from the cycle of rebirth?

Moksha | JP: 輪廻からの解放。

What should you remember about Moksha?

Liberation from the cycle of rebirth. | JP: 輪廻からの解放。

Nirvana

EN: Buddhist liberation from suffering and attachment. | JP: 苦しみと執着から解放された仏教の境地。

Identify the term: Buddhist liberation from suffering and attachment?

Nirvana | JP: 苦しみと執着から解放された仏教の境地。

What should you remember about Nirvana?

Buddhist liberation from suffering and attachment. | JP: 苦しみと執着から解放された仏教の境地。

Why did Buddhism challenge social traditions?

EN: It taught a path to liberation not limited to hereditary status. | JP: 世襲身分に限定されない解脱への道を説いたため。

Which historical question does this answer? It taught a path to liberation not limited to hereditary status?

Why did Buddhism challenge social traditions? | JP: 世襲身分に限定されない解脱への道を説いたため。

Give the core answer: Why did Buddhism challenge social traditions?

It taught a path to liberation not limited to hereditary status. | JP: 世襲身分に限定されない解脱への道を説いたため。

Chandragupta Maurya

EN: Founder of the Mauryan Empire who unified much of northern India. | JP: 北インドの広い地域を統一したマウリヤ朝の創始者。

Identify the term: Founder of the Mauryan Empire who unified much of northern India?

Chandragupta Maurya | JP: 北インドの広い地域を統一したマウリヤ朝の創始者。

What should you remember about Chandragupta Maurya?

Founder of the Mauryan Empire who unified much of northern India. | JP: 北インドの広い地域を統一したマウリヤ朝の創始者。

Ashoka's edicts

EN: Public inscriptions promoting moral rule and Buddhist-influenced values. | JP: 道徳的統治や仏教的価値を広めたアショーカ王の碑文。

Identify the term: Public inscriptions promoting moral rule and Buddhist-influenced values?

Ashoka's edicts | JP: 道徳的統治や仏教的価値を広めたアショーカ王の碑文。

What should you remember about Ashoka's edicts?

Public inscriptions promoting moral rule and Buddhist-influenced values. | JP: 道徳的統治や仏教的価値を広めたアショーカ王の碑文。

Why was Ashoka important?

EN: He used imperial authority to promote Buddhism and moral governance. | JP: 帝国権力を用いて仏教と道徳的統治を広めたため。

Which historical question does this answer? He used imperial authority to promote Buddhism and moral governance?

Why was Ashoka important? | JP: 帝国権力を用いて仏教と道徳的統治を広めたため。

Give the core answer: Why was Ashoka important?

He used imperial authority to promote Buddhism and moral governance. | JP: 帝国権力を用いて仏教と道徳的統治を広めたため。

Indus → Vedic → Mauryan

Broad sequence: Indus civilization, Vedic traditions, then Mauryan imperial unification. | JP: インダス文明→ヴェーダ文化→マウリヤ帝国。

Harappa and Mohenjo-daro

Both were major cities of the Indus Valley civilization. | JP: どちらもインダス文明の主要都市。

Indus city clue

Planned streets, standardized bricks, drainage, and seals. | JP: 計画街路・規格レンガ・排水・印章。

Indus script: key limitation

It remains undeciphered, so direct knowledge of language and politics is limited. | JP: 未解読なので言語・政治の直接情報が限られる。

Indo-Aryans + Vedic culture

Indo-Aryan-speaking migrants are associated with the development of Vedic traditions. | JP: インド・アーリア系集団とヴェーダ文化が結びつく。

Vedas + Sanskrit

The Vedas were first oral and later written in Sanskrit. | JP: ヴェーダは口承後、サンスクリットで記録。

Varna + caste

Varna refers to broad social categories within ancient Indian social hierarchy. | JP: ヴァルナは古代インドの大きな社会身分区分。

Brahmins + Vedic religion

Brahmins were priests with high ritual status. | JP: バラモンは高い儀礼的地位の祭司層。

Dharma + social order

Dharma means duty or right conduct within moral and social order. | JP: ダルマ＝道徳・社会秩序における義務・正しい行い。

Karma + samsara

Karma shapes future rebirth within samsara, the cycle of birth and death. | JP: カルマが輪廻内の再生に影響。

Moksha vs. nirvana

Both are liberation concepts; moksha is common in Hindu thought, nirvana in Buddhism. | JP: どちらも解放概念。モークシャ＝主にヒンドゥー、涅槃＝仏教。

Siddhartha Gautama = Buddha

Siddhartha Gautama became known as the Buddha, the 'Awakened One.' | JP: シッダールタ・ゴータマ＝仏陀。

Four Noble Truths: basic idea

Suffering exists, craving causes it, it can end, and the path leads to its end. | JP: 苦・苦の原因・苦の終滅・そこへの道。

Eightfold Path: purpose

It gives ethical, mental, and wisdom practices for ending suffering. | JP: 苦を終わらせる倫理・精神・智慧の実践。

Buddhism and hereditary status

Buddhist liberation was not restricted to one hereditary social rank. | JP: 仏教の解脱は特定の世襲身分に限定されない。

Mauryan Empire: why important?

It unified a large part of South Asia under one imperial state. | JP: 南アジア広域を一帝国に統合。

Chandragupta Maurya vs. Ashoka

Chandragupta founded the empire; Ashoka later expanded and promoted moral/Buddhist rule. | JP: チャンドラグプタ＝創始者、アショーカ＝後代の拡大・仏教的統治。

Ashoka + Buddhism

After violent conquest, Ashoka promoted Buddhist-influenced ethics and public edicts. | JP: 征服後、仏教的倫理と碑文政策を推進。

Ashoka's edicts

Public inscriptions used imperial authority to communicate moral policy. | JP: 帝国権力で道徳政策を伝える公開碑文。

Hinduism vs. Buddhism: one distinction

Hindu traditions include dharma, karma, samsara, and moksha; Buddhism centers on ending suffering through the Buddha's path. | JP: ヒンドゥーはダルマ等、仏教は苦の終滅への道を中心。

Vedic religion → later Hindu traditions

Vedic ritual traditions developed over time into broader Brahmanical/Hindu thought. | JP: ヴェーダ儀礼が後のバラモン・ヒンドゥー思想へ発展。

Why is Sanskrit important?

It preserved major religious and philosophical texts of ancient India. | JP: 古代インドの重要宗教・哲学文献を伝えた。

Why remember Ashoka for an exam?

He connects empire, warfare, Buddhism, ethics, and public inscriptions. | JP: 帝国・戦争・仏教・道徳・碑文を結ぶ重要人物。

Indus vs. Vedic evidence

Indus evidence is heavily archaeological; Vedic culture is known partly through preserved texts. | JP: インダスは考古資料中心、ヴェーダは文献資料も重要。

India: beginner chronology

Indus cities → Vedic culture → new religious ideas → Mauryan Empire/Ashoka. | JP: インダス都市→ヴェーダ→新宗教思想→マウリヤ/アショーカ。