Metabolism: Phase I and Phase II Biotransformation

Check Phase I (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis) and Phase II (conjugation) biotransformation reactions, mechanisms, and toxicological outcomes.

Phase I

(Oxidation) Aliphatic Epoxidation and Hydroxylation

Phase I

(Oxidation) N-Oxidation

Phase I

(Oxidation) P-Oxidation

Phase I

(Oxidation) Deamination

Phase I

(Oxidation) Desulfurization and ester cleavage

Phase I

(Oxidation) S-Oxidation

Phase I

(Oxidation) Methylenedioxy Ring Cleavage

Phase II

(Reduction) Nitro Reduction

Phase I

(Reduction) Azo Reduction

Phase I

(Reduction) Disulfide Reduction

Phase I

Hydrolysis

Phase I

(Oxidation) Dealkylation

Phase II

(Conjugation) Glucuronide Formation

Phase II

(Conjugation) Sulfate Conjugation

Phase II

(Conjugation) Methylation

Phase II

(Conjugation) Acetylation

Phase II

(Conjugation) Amino Acid Conjugation

Phase II

(Conjugation) Glutathione Conjugation

Phase I

(Hydrolysis) Epoxide hydrolysis

Phase I

(Reduction) Sulfoxide reduction

Phase I

(Reduction) Aldehyde reduction

Phase I

(Oxidation) Dealkylation

Phase I

(Oxidation) Epoxidation and Hydroxylation