Phonological Processes

Substitution

stopping, deaffrication, fronting, depalatization, backing, gliding, vocalization

stopping

fricative replaced with a stop

fricatives

s, z, f, v, th, h, sh, zh

stops

b, p, d, t, g, k

/pat/ for /fat/

stopping

/tear/ for /share/

stopping

deaffrication

an affricate is replaced with a stop or fricative

affricates

ch, dz

/tear/ for /chair/

deaffrication

/sop/ for /chop/

deaffrication

fronting

a velar or palatal is replaced with an alveolar

velar/palatal

k, g

alveolar

t, d, s

/top/ for /cop/

fronting

/doh/ for /go/

fronting

depalatization

a palatal fricative is replaced with an alveolar fricative

palatal fricatives

sh, zh

alveolar fricatives

s, z

/tek/ for /check/

depalatization

/dane/ for /jane/

depalatization

backing

an alveolar sound is replaced with a velar or palatal sound

alveolar sounds

t, d, s

/kop/ for /top/

backing

/gime/ for /dime/

backing

vocalization/vowelization

a syllabic liquid is replaced with a vowel

/abuh/ for /able/

vocalization/vowelization

/apo/ for /paper/

vocalization

syllable structure

unstressed syllable deletion, reduplication, dimunization, epenthesis, final consonant deletion, initial consonant deletion, cluster reduction

unstressed syllable detection

the syllable with the least amount of stress is not said

/medo/ for /tomato/

unstressed syllable deletion

/nana/ for /banana/

unstressed syllable deletion

reduplication

the syllable of a target word is repeated, creating a multi-syllabic word form; can be 'total or partial

/baba/ for /bottle/

total reduplication

/bada/ for /bottle/

partial reduplication

dimunization

an -ee and sometimes a consonant + -ee to a target word

/cup-ee/ for /cup/

dimunization

epenthesis

an unstressed vowel is said between two consonants

/cup-uh/ for /cup/

epenthesis

/puh-late/ for /plate/

epenthesis

final consonant deletion

a consonant or consonant cluster is left off at the end of a word; can happen on words that end with a vowel or consonant

/ma/ for /mom/

final consonant deletion

/boo/ for /books/

final consonant deletion

initial consonant deletion

the first single consonant or consonant cluster at the beginning of a word is not said

/own/ for /phone/

initial consonant deletion

/indo/ for /window/

initial consonant deletion

cluster reduction

some or all parts of a cluster are deleted or substituted; can be total or partial

/op/ for /stop/

total cluster reduction

/top/ for /stop/

partial cluster reductioon

assimilation

labial assimilation, velar assimilation, nasal assimilation, alveolar assimilation, prevocalic voicing, postvocalic voicing

labial assimilation

a sound is changed to a labial sound because of another labial sound in a word; can be total or partial

labial sounds

b, p, m, w

/bub/ for /bup/

total labial assimilation

/bup/ for /bug/

partial labial assimilation

velar assimilation

a non-velar sound is changed to a velar sound; can be total or partial

/kuck/ for /cup/

total velar assimilation

/kug/ for /cup/

partial velar assimilation

nasal assimilation

a non-nasal sound is changed to a nasal because of another nasal sound in the word; can be total or partial

/mom/ for /mop/

total nasal assimilation

/mon/ for /mop/

partial nasal assimilation

alveolar assimilatioon

a non-alveolar sound is changed to an alveolar sound; can be total or partial

/tot/ for /top/

total alveolar assimilation

/tod/ for /top/

partial alveolar assimilation

prevocalic voicing

a voiceless sound that comes before a vowel is changed to a voiced sound

/den/ for /ten/

prevocalic voicing

/bie/ for /pie/

prevocalic voicing

postvocalic voicing

a voiced stop, fricative, or affricate that follows a vowel is chaged to a voiceless sound

/pick/ for /pig/

postvocalic voicing

/tuck/ for /tug/

postvocalic voicing