英文B

skeptical

adj. 懷疑的
be skeptical about/of
Researchers remain skeptical about the claim.

alleviate

v. 減輕、緩和
alleviate symptoms/pressure
The policy may alleviate financial pressure.

mitigate

v. 減輕負面影響
mitigate risk/damage/effects
Several measures were introduced to mitigate the risks.

ambiguous

adj. 模稜兩可的、不明確的
ambiguous evidence/statement
The results remain ambiguous.

subtle

adj. 細微、不易察覺的
subtle difference/change
There is a subtle difference between the two accounts.

arbitrary

adj. 任意的、缺乏合理依據的
arbitrary decision/cutoff
The cutoff point is somewhat arbitrary.

fragmentary

adj. 零碎、不完整的
fragmentary evidence/records
Only fragmentary evidence has survived.

prompt

v. 引發、促使
prompt debate/action
The findings prompted further investigation.

reflect

v. 反映、顯示
reflect differences/change
The figures reflect broader social changes.

invalidate

v. 使無效；削弱有效性
invalidate a conclusion/assumption
The error does not necessarily invalidate the conclusion.

substantiate

v. 以證據支持、證實
substantiate a claim
There is insufficient evidence to substantiate the claim.

tenuous

adj. 薄弱的、牽強的
tenuous evidence/link
The connection between the two events is tenuous.

pragmatic

adj. 務實的、重實際效果的
pragmatic approach
They adopted a pragmatic approach to the problem.

circumspect

adj. 謹慎周全的
be circumspect about
Researchers should be circumspect about drawing causal conclusions.

incongruous

adj. 不協調、不相稱的
incongruous with
His behavior seemed incongruous with the situation.

ubiquitous

adj. 無所不在的、極普遍的
become ubiquitous
Smartphones have become ubiquitous.

relegate

v. 降低至較次要的位置
relegate A to B
The issue was relegated to secondary importance.

paradoxical

adj. 看似矛盾的、反直覺的
paradoxical finding/effect
The study produced a paradoxical result.

coherent

adj. 連貫一致的、有條理的
coherent explanation/account
The evidence does not form a coherent explanation.

explicit

adj. 明確表達的
explicit statement/instruction
The report makes no explicit causal claim.

plausible

adj. 看似合理、可信的
plausible explanation
Several plausible explanations remain.

compelling

adj. 很有說服力的
compelling evidence/argument
The authors provide compelling evidence.

tentative

adj. 暫定的、尚不確定的
tentative conclusion
Any conclusion must remain tentative.

robust

adj. 穩健的、強而可靠的
robust evidence/finding
The association was robust across analyses.

negligible

adj. 微不足道的、可忽略的
negligible effect/difference
The difference between groups was negligible.

detrimental

adj. 有害的、不利的
detrimental to
Chronic stress can be detrimental to health.

prevalent

adj. 普遍存在的、盛行的
prevalent among
The practice remains prevalent among young adults.

constrain

v. 限制、約束
constrain growth/choice
Limited resources constrain what institutions can do.

facilitate

v. 促進、使更容易
facilitate learning/change
Feedback can facilitate learning.

undermine

v. 削弱、損害
undermine confidence/validity
These limitations undermine confidence in the estimate.

retain

v. 保留、維持
retain information/control
Participants retained the information for several weeks.

derive

v. 得到、源自
derive A from B
The estimates were derived from national data.

distort

v. 扭曲、使失真
distort findings/perception
Selective reporting can distort the evidence.

reinforce

v. 強化、鞏固
reinforce beliefs/patterns
Repeated success may reinforce existing beliefs.

diminish

v. 減少、削弱
diminish effect/importance
The effect diminished over time.

analogous

adj. 類似的、可類比的
analogous to
The process is analogous to natural selection.

obscure

v. 掩蓋；adj. 晦澀／不知名的
obscure a distinction
Averages may obscure important differences.

deviation

n. 偏離、差異
deviation from
Any deviation from the protocol was recorded.

disruption

n. 中斷、擾亂
cause disruption
The pandemic caused widespread disruption.

implication

n. 含意；可能影響
implications for
The findings have important implications for policy.

nevertheless

adv. 儘管如此
前句不利 → 後句仍成立
Evidence is limited. Nevertheless, the finding is important.

conversely

adv. 反過來說
切換相反方向
High demand may increase prices. Conversely, low demand may reduce them.

rather

adv. 而是／反而
not A; rather, B
The finding does not prove causality; rather, it suggests an association.

otherwise

adv. 否則；在其他方面
otherwise + consequence
Follow the procedure; otherwise, the results may be biased.

consequently

adv. 因此、結果是
原因 → 結果
The sample was small. Consequently, the estimate was imprecise.

notably

adv. 值得注意的是、尤其
標示重要資訊
Notably, the effect was strongest among younger participants.

necessarily

adv. 必然地
not necessarily = 不一定
A correlation does not necessarily imply causation.

presumably

adv. 據推測、可能是
合理但未證實的推論
The decline presumably reflects several factors.

whereas

conj. 然而／相較之下
A whereas B
Group A improved, whereas Group B remained unchanged.

despite

prep. 儘管
despite + N/V-ing
Despite these limitations, the results were consistent.

advocate

v. 主張、提倡；n. 支持者
advocate reform/change
Many researchers advocate greater transparency.

allocate

v. 分配
allocate resources/funds
The government allocated additional funds to education.

anticipate

v. 預期、預料
anticipate change/problems
Researchers anticipated a decline in participation.

attain

v. 達到、獲得
attain a goal/level
Few participants attained the highest score.

attribute

v. 歸因於；n. 特徵
attribute A to B
The decline was attributed to economic uncertainty.

comprehensive

adj. 全面的、廣泛的
comprehensive review/assessment
The report provides a comprehensive review of the evidence.

controversial

adj. 有爭議的
controversial issue/proposal
The policy remains highly controversial.

conventional

adj. 傳統的、慣例的
conventional approach/wisdom
The findings challenge conventional assumptions.

crucial

adj. 關鍵的
crucial factor/role
Timing plays a crucial role in the process.

decline

v./n. 下降；拒絕
decline in / decline to
There has been a steady decline in participation.

eliminate

v. 消除、排除
eliminate bias/risk
Randomization cannot eliminate every source of bias.

emerge

v. 出現、浮現
emerge from/as
Several patterns emerged from the data.

empirical

adj. 實證的
empirical evidence/research
The theory has received considerable empirical support.

enhance

v. 提升、增強
enhance performance/quality
Feedback may enhance learning.

exacerbate

v. 使惡化、加劇
exacerbate inequality/symptoms
Economic instability may exacerbate existing inequalities.

feasible

adj. 可行的
technically/economically feasible
The proposed solution may not be economically feasible.

fluctuate

v. 波動
fluctuate over time
Prices fluctuated considerably during the period.

fundamental

adj. 根本的、基本的
fundamental difference/problem
The two theories differ in a fundamental way.

inherent

adj. 內在固有的
inherent limitation/risk
Some uncertainty is inherent in prediction.

inevitable

adj. 不可避免的
seem/be inevitable
Technological change is not necessarily inevitable.

infer

v. 推論
infer A from B
Causation cannot be inferred from correlation alone.

inhibit

v. 抑制、阻礙
inhibit growth/behavior
Fear may inhibit people from seeking help.

innovative

adj. 創新的
innovative approach/technology
The researchers developed an innovative method.

integrate

v. 整合
integrate A into B
The model integrates evidence from several disciplines.

justify

v. 證成、提供合理理由
justify a conclusion/decision
The evidence is insufficient to justify such a strong conclusion.

marginal

adj. 邊際的、微小的
marginal effect/improvement
The intervention produced only marginal improvement.

persistent

adj. 持續存在的
persistent problem/symptoms
Persistent inequality remains a major concern.

profound

adj. 深遠的、重大的
profound effect/impact
The discovery had a profound impact on the field.

reluctant

adj. 不情願的、勉強的
be reluctant to
Officials were reluctant to change the existing policy.

resilient

adj. 有韌性的、能恢復的
resilient to/in
Some systems are more resilient to disruption than others.

rigorous

adj. 嚴謹的、嚴格的
rigorous analysis/method
The claim requires more rigorous testing.

salient

adj. 顯著重要的、突出的
salient feature/issue
Cost was the most salient concern for respondents.

sufficient

adj. 足夠的
sufficient evidence/reason
There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim.

sustain

v. 維持、支撐
sustain growth/attention
The program struggled to sustain public interest.

vulnerable

adj. 易受傷害的、脆弱的
vulnerable to
Older adults may be particularly vulnerable to heat.

accordingly

adv. 因此、相應地
前提 → 相應行動/結果
The evidence was weak; accordingly, the conclusion was revised.

albeit

conj. 雖然、儘管
statement + albeit + qualification
The effect was significant, albeit small.

hence

adv. 因此
原因 → 推論結果
The groups differed at baseline, hence the need for adjustment.

likewise

adv. 同樣地
加入相似情況
Economic incentives matter; likewise, cultural expectations influence adoption.

thereby

adv. 從而、藉此
action, thereby + V-ing
The policy reduced costs, thereby increasing access.

nonetheless

definition. adv. 儘管如此
逆勢延續
The sample was limited. Nonetheless, the pattern was consistent.

indeed

adv. 的確；甚至
強化前述主張
The problem is serious; indeed, it may be worsening.

insofar as

conj. 就……而言／在……範圍內
insofar as + clause
The theory is useful insofar as its assumptions are met.

provided that

conj. 只要、在……條件下
provided that + clause
The method is valid provided that the assumptions are satisfied.

regardless of

prep. 不論、不管
regardless of + noun
The pattern persisted regardless of age.

in contrast

片語 相較之下
A. In contrast, B.
Urban populations increased. In contrast, rural populations declined.

by contrast

片語 相比之下
A; by contrast, B
The first study found a strong effect; by contrast, the second found little change.

in turn

片語 進而、反過來
A affects B, which in turn affects C
Stress disrupts sleep, which in turn may impair attention.

to some extent

片語 在某種程度上
限制主張強度
The findings support the theory to some extent.

with respect to

片語 關於、就……而言
with respect to + noun
The groups differed with respect to age.