Microbio test TOPIC C

What is cell theory?

The cell is the basic unit of a living organism, and that all of them come from preexisting forms of life, as well as living organisms are made of one or more cells

Within the phospholipid bilayer, what is hydrophilic and what is hydrophobic?

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Non polar tail

Hydrophobic

Polar head

Hydrophilic

Where is the PM?

Surrounding the cell

What consist of the fluid mosiac model?

Phospholipids, cholesterol, and 2 types of proteins (Integral/peripheral membrane proteins)

(Integral/peripheral membrane proteins) are typically attached to what?

Methanal (CH2O)

What is the purpose of a semi permeable membrane?

Regulate transport of molecules (building materials, nutrients and waste) , such as small uncharged molecules which are allowed to pass through the phospholipid bilayer ( H2O, CO2,)

What is diffusion?

A form of passive transport in which molecules go from high concentration to low concentration,

What is Osmosis?

The passive transport of water across the plasma membrane from high to low concentration

What is facilitated diffusion?

The passive transport of molecules (Large or charged) from high to low concertation with a transport protein

What are the forms of passive transport?

Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated diffusion

What are the forms of active transport

Direct, indirect, and Large scale transport

What is Active transport?

A form of moving a molecule against the concentration gradient, from low to high

What is direct transport?

A form of active transport Moving a molecule from low to high concentration gradient, with the use of ATP

What is indirect transport?

A form of active transport in which a molecule moves from low to high concentration utilizng energy from a molecule which passed through the PM, from high to low conectration

What is Large scale transport?

When the cell reshapes its membranes to bring material in/out, uses vesicles and proteins to proceed

isotonic

when the solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell

Hypotonic solution?

When the solute is lower within the cell than outside the cell

Hypertonic solution

When the solution is greater outside the cell than inside the cell

What is cytolysis

When water enters the cell and causes it to burst

What is plamolysis

When water exits the cell and causes it to shrivel

What is phagocytosis?

When the PM wraps around object and engulfs it , EX: Macrophages (white blood cells) engulfing and digesting bacteria

What is Pinocytosis?

a cell that takes water in with dissolved nutrients into vessicles

What is endocytosis?

Bringing materials into a cell, (IE: Phagocytosis, and Pinocytosis)

What is exocytosis?

Bringing materials outside the cell (removing waste products)

What is a organelle?

A specialized structure within the cell designed to do a dedicated task

What is cytosol?

Liquid that surrounds organelles within the cell

What is the nucleus?

Control center which contains DNA

What is the nucleolus?

Within the nucleus, and makes RNA/RIBOSOMES

What are ribosomes?

Made of protein/Rna, with the purpose of reading genetic code and assembling amino acids into polypeptides

What is the endoplasmic reticulm?

A organelle with two regions, consisting of the rough and smooth portion

What is the purpose of the Smooth ER

Detoxify enzymes’, while simultaneously doing steroid hormone synthesis,

What is the purpose of the rough er

has ribosomes attached and performs protein synthesis due to ribosomal presence

What is the purpose of the golgi apparatus?

Modifies and Ship out proteins

What is the purpose of lysosomes?

(cleaning/ recycling) to degrade and recycle components while also merging vacuoles for exocytosis and elimination

what is the purpose of vacuoles?

found in certain cell types with the purpose of collecting water through osmosis, and storing water nutrients or waste additionally contains/traps cell debris and exocytosis it out of the cell

what is the mitochondrion?

(Power plant) double membrane bound organelle which makes energy from glucose designed to turn that into ATP

what are chloroplasts?

found within protists (plants) collect light and make into ATP (photorespiration/photosynthesis)

what is found within the chloroplasts?

Outer membrane, inner membrane, and thylakoid membrane

What are the two forms of the cytoskeleton?

Microfilaments, and Microtubules

Microfilaments

Double helix actin that is flexible and strong, mostly help cells move

Microtubules

Helical/hollow tubulin that’s rigid and helps perform functions such as cell division

Flagella

Long and few
EX: sperm moving

Cillia

Short and many
EX: respiratory ducts

What is the cell wall composed of?

Carbohydrates, Protein,

Where is the cell wall present in?

Plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and algae

What basic features help us compare and classify cells?

Their genetic material (DNA), surrounding membrane and cell wall if present, and internal organization, including whether they have a nucleus.

What are the types of prokaryotic cells?

Archaea, and bacteria

What are archaea?

Ancient modern organisms that live in hostile enviroments’s

What are bacteria?

Modern organisms that live in environments that humans like (Disease causing)

What are the types of eukaryotic cells?

Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

Animalia are what?

Eukaryotic cells without a cell wall, which are heterotrophic , and contain multiple membrane bound organelles

What are fungi?

Multicellular/unicellular ekuaryotes made of chitin , with multiple membrane bound organelles l

What are plantae?

Multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose, and are autotrophic

what are protista?

Multicellular/unicellular, everything else,