CONBIO EXAM 2

Who was Garret Hardin?

- Ecologist and Professor of Human Ecology

- Known for TOC and Hardin's First Law of Human Ecology "you cannot do only one thing" interconnectedness of every action in the world

What are the tragedy of the commons?

- Overpopulation is dangerous to a finite world's resources

- Open access resources or the unmanaged commons are ruined by competitive individual use

- A "managed" common is normalized by socialism or privatization

Who came up with the Common Pool Resources?

- Elinor Ostrom

Who was Elinor Ostrom?

- Political economist

- awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics (first and only women in this category)

What is the Common Pool Resources (CPR)?

- Revisits Hardin's TOC conclusions

- Demonstrate socialization and privatization can fail

- Need to take a more individualized look at CPR to know how to manage those resources

- Also claimed that TOC assumes everyone is inherently selfish

When was Rewilding- the 3 C's coined and by who?

- Coined in 1990

- Refined by Soule' and Noss

What does Rewilding aim to do?

- Restore natural processes and wild areas (CORES)

- Provide connectivity (CORRIDORS)

- Protecting or reintroducing apex predators & keystone species (CARNIVORES)

What are the three types of Rewilding?

- Passive rewilding

- Translocation rewilding

- Pleistrocene rewilding

What is passive rewidling?

Passive management of ecological succession via reduction of human influence

What is translocation rewilding?

Reintroduction of recently extirpated species

- reinforcement

-reintrodcution

What is Pleistocene rewilding?

Introducing a proxy species to take the place of a long extinct species

What is the new tool in rewilding

Cloning

What are motivating factors for many conservationists and the public

- Belief in the sense of moral obligation to care for species (stewardship)

- Belief that species have an inherent right to exists (intrinsic value)

- Belief that conservation "is the right thing to do" (bioethics)

What is Anthropocentric Ethics?

- Only humans posses inherent value

- All other beings only have instrumental value

- Our direct ethical duties are to other human beings

- Obligations to conserve the species and the environment are "duties to humankind"

What is Social Ecology?

- Methodological perspective

- Many versions

- Environmental problems can be solved only when we carefully trace the problem back to its origins

What are the two Strong Animal Rights Ethical Theories?

- Utilitarian Animal Rights

- Interest-based Animal Right

What is the Utilitarian Animal Rights?

- Only important values are pleasure and pain

- whatever produces greatest balance of pleasure over pain is morally best

- Peter Singer (it doesn't matter who experiences pain, pleasure is good, pain is bad)

What is Interest-based Animal Rights?

- Appeals to the notion of "being an experiencing subject"

- Any animal that experiences its own life has inherent value

- If the life of an animal is a value itself then that animal has inherent value

What are the Weak Animal Rights Ethical Theory?

- rejects anthropocentrism (human beings are the central entities)

- Asserts that non-human animals have inherent value and deserve consideration for their own sake

- Unlike strong theories, weak rejects the view that inherent value means equality

What is Biocentric Ethics?

All living things, no matter human, animals or plant has inherent value

What is Deep Ecology?

- Contemporary ecological philosophy

- All species have inherent value, no matter instrumental value, no right to reduce richness of species

- Bc of our negative impact on the Earth's biodiversity, radial changes to technology, policy, economics, and ideologies are necessary

What is Ecofeminism?

- Similar to Social Ecology but has a special concern for an sensitivity to issues of gender

- Calls on females to bring about a cultural and ecological revolution

Who founded the idea of ecofeminism?

Francois D'Eaubonne in her book Le Feminisme ou la Mort (1974)

What are Ecocentric & Land Ethics

- Holistic approach

- Asserts that is our ethical duty is to the ecosystem rather than to the individual

- Aldo Leopold's Evolutionary-ecological Land Ethics is the best known

Who came up with the Evolutionary-ecological land Ethics?

- Aldo Leopold

- Thought we were in need of a "new ethic" where humans are "plain members of the biotic community"

- "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise"

What are the interpretations of wildlife problems are people problems?

- Aren't many places humans havent influenced

- Humans have a HUGE impact

- No such thing as human wildlife-conflict just human-HUMAN conflicts

- Changing wildlife behavior doesnt always work

How to successfully conserve?

- Address the social dimensions

- Altering human behavior requires an examination of underlying values and attitudes (how people think about/relate to wildlife)

What are values?

S stable meaning-producing super-ordinate cognitive structure, formed early in life, difficult or impossible to change in adulthood

What are attitudes?

Durable multi-faceted mental dispositions towards/evaluations of an object, develop through life, can be changed easily, not the same as a value

What consumptive roles does wildlife have?

- Ecological

- recreational

- Medicinal

- Commercial/economic

What are non-consumptive roles does wildlife have?

- Aesthetic

- Cultural

- Spiritual

- Bioethics

- Educational

- Existence/Intrinsic

- Bequest

Who was Stephen Kellert and what did he do?

- Studied social ecology at Yale

- Wrote a seminal paper on attitudes towards animals (Perceptions of animals in American Society, 1976)

- Created 9 value attitude categories

Naturalistic attitude

- Interest in all animals

- Profound interest in/attraction to wildlife and the outdoors

- Affectionate feelings for pets

- Pets are inferior to wild animals

Ecologistic attitude

- Interest in and affection for wildlife spp in natural environment

- More intellectual and detached

- Environment is system of interdependent parts

Humanistic attitude

- Strong personal affection for individual animals

- Value pets more than wildlife

- Empathy for pets extends to concern for all animals

Moralistic attitude

- Primary concern for welfare of animals

- Oppose exploitation, infliction of harm, suffering, or death of animals

- Equality between humans and animals

Scientistic attitude

- Interest in animals as physical objects of study and knowledge

- Little personal attraction to pets, wildlife, or natural environment

- Objective view of animals

- Emotional detachment

Aesthetic attitude

- primary interest in beauty and symbolic properties of nature and animals

- Emotional detachment

Utilitarian attitude

- Interest in the practical and material value of animals

- Animals have profitable qualities

- Believe pets and some wildlife are to be trained to do certain tasks

Doministic attitude

- Principle interest in dominance and control of animals

- Sense of superiority

Negativistic attitude

- Desire to avoid animals due to lack of interest or indifference

- Fear/dislike of superstition about animals

- Sense of separation and alienation from the natural world

Common age patters of value attitude categories?

18-29 yrs - moralistic and ecologistic

(greater than or equal to 65) more negativistic and utilitarian, less naturalistic

Common gender patters of value attitude categories?

Female - moralistic & humanistic

Male - utilitarian & doministic

Common race patters of value attitude categories?

Caucasian - naturalistic

African-American - negativistic

African-American males - dominionistic

Common education patters of value attitude categories?

Low levels - negativistic

Common occupation patters of value attitude categories?

Farmers - more utilitarian

Students - less utilitarian

Common childhood residence patters of value attitude categories?

Rural childhood - utilitarian & dominionistic

Common marital status patters of value attitude categories?

Single - less utilitarian

How does the patterns and values help wildlife conservation?

Awareness of your own biases: check your biases at the door when. dealing with people with different values towards animals

Typecasting allows us to: estimate public reactions to wildlife conservation effort

Key turning events in Climate Science?

Charney report (1979)

Hasselmann paper (1979)

Satellite atmospheric temperature measurements (Nov 1978)

What was the Charney report

- First study on CO2 impact on overall climate changes published in 1979

What is the difference between weather and climate?

- Matter of scale

- Weather changes from hour to hour, day to day, season to season

- Climate is the average weather for a particular region over a long period of time

What does the term "Global Climate Change" mean?

- Significant and lasting changes in weather patterns over long periods of time

What is the cause of "Global Climate Change"?

- Emissions of greenhouse gases that become trapped within the lower atmosphere

What is the threat level of "Global Climate Change"?

- May pose a greater threat to biodiversity than any other anthropogenic impact including habitat loss

What is the Hasselmann paper?

- One of the first reliable efforts to provide sound statistically-based framework for identifying human

- Caused climate warming

What is Signal Detection and Attribution of the Hasselmann paper

- Developed methods to distinguish natural climate variability from human-caused greenhouse gas signals

- Fingerprints prove that rising global temperatures directly result from human CO2 emissions

Satellite Atmospheric Temperature Measurements

Nov 1978 - NOAA satellites began monitoring the atmospheric layers

- Results showed that "human fingerprints" were identifiable in: warming of troposphere, cooling of lower stratosphere, both confirmed computer modeling projections

What are Carbon Dioxide (CO2)?

- burning fossil fuels, solid waste, trees and wood products

- Byproduct of certain chemical reactions

- Removed from atmosphere when absorbed by plants in the carbon cycle

What is the CO2 levels - The Keeling Curve

- 280 ppm before the Industrial revolution

- First measurement by Keeling in the 1950's: 312, 380, 402, today 422.8

- Clear upward trend

What is Methane (CH4)?

- Produced in anaerobic environments by bacteria that consume decomposing organic matter

- Emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil

- Also result from livestock

What is Nitrous oxide (N2O)?

- Naturally present in atmosphere as part of the nitrogen cycle

- Variety of natural sources

- Human activities

- Natural sources create 62% of total emissions

What are Fluorinated gases?

- Synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases

- Industrial processes

- sed as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances

What are the three factors that effect climate change?

How much?

How long?

How strongly?

What is the Global Warming Potential (GWP)?

- Calculated for every type of gas

- reflects on how long it remains in the atmosphere, on average, and how strongly it absorbs energy

- Gases wth a higher GWP absorb more energy, per pound, than lower GWP gases

What to expect from Climate Change?

- Weather extremes

- Asynchrony of events

- Species extinctions

- Pest and disease events

- New species assemblages

- Biome shifts

- Conflicts

What is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change?

- Established in 1988

- Group of leading scientists organized by the United Nations

- Wants to provide comprehensive, technical and socio-economic info about the risk of human-caused climate change and finding ways to reduce risk

How is Global CC affecting wildlife?

- Behavior and biology

- Asynchronous events

- Reproductive cycles

- Predation camouflage

- Distribution

- Migration

What is disease?

A disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency, or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental actors

What is an infectious disease?

A disease caused by the entrance into the body of a biological agent which grow and multiply

What is a communicable disease?

An infectious disease transmissible by direct contact with an affected individual or the individual's discharges or by indirect means

What is One Health?

- A collaborative, multisectoral & transdisciplinary approach

- Working at the local, regional, national and global levels

- Goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment

What is spillover (Domestic to Wildlife)?

- Domestics/livestock transmit disease to wildlife

EX: domestic dogs near protected areas can spread disease to wild canid and felid species

What is spillback (Wildlife to Domestic)

- Wildlife act as disease reservoirs for livestock/domestics

EX: wildbeest-derived Malignant Catarrhal Fever

What are shared ecosystems and "One Health"

- Human and ag expansion increases contact w/ livestock/domestics and likelihood of shared diseases

What is Vulnerable wildlife populations?

- Small or endangered wildlife populations - high mortality, lower reproductive fitness, accelerated extinction risk

What are the disease impacts on wildlife?

- Reduces sizes & structures of populations

- Alter natural mortality rates

- Change population dynamics and structures

- Fragment social groups

- Reduce genetic diversity

What is vertical transmission?

Mother to baby

What is horizontal transmission?

- Direct contact

- Sexual

- Airbourne

- Latrogenic

What are indirect transmission routes?

- Environment (fecal-oral)

- Vectors

What is canine parvovirus?

- Viral

- Newer evolved strains affect wild canids & felids

What is rabies?

- Viral

- Bite from mammals

- Causes acute encephalitis

What is canine distemper?

- Highly contagious virus

- Airborne and direct contact

- Affects several families of wildlife

- Nervous tissue infection

What percentage of lions were killed by CDV in the 1990's?

25% of Serengeti lions

What is white nose syndrome?

- Origin is European caves

- Caused by cold-loving fungus found in caves

- Associated with high mortality in hibernating cave dwelling bat species

- Spreading quickly via bat-to-bat contact

What is Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy (AVM)?

- Neurological disease discovered in Arkansas in 1994

- Affects waterfowl and raptors by thousands

- Caused by toxins from invasive algae on aquatic vegetation

- Site specific, seasonal and short duration

What is Chestnut blight?

- Introduced fungal disease

- Accidental introduction from imported chestnut lumber

- Caused a mass extinction in American Chestnut trees in

What is Anthracnose disease?

- Introduced fungal disease

- Causing a decline in flowering dogwood trees in Eastern US

What is a zoonotic disease?

- Disease that cross from animals to humans

EX: avian flu, swine flu, hantavirus, corona virus

How are humans facilitating disease transmission to/between wildlife?

- Unnatural densities

- Climate change

- Habitat loss/frag/deg/dest

- Translocation of species

- Translocation of pathogens

- Transportation of natural resources

- Vector species

- Vaccinations

- Research

- Tourism

- Increased travel

What are the epidemiological principles that have implications for managing wild and captive wildlife species?

1) dense pops may have been increased pressure from parasites & disease

2) indirect effects of habitat loss can increase an organism's susceptibility to disease

3) some species may come into contact with other species they might never encounter in the wild- including hum and and domestics

Feral Cat Predation

- Predation on songbirds and small mammals

- Estimated that 1.4 to 3.7 billion songbirds are killed by cats each year

- Estimated 6.9 to 20.7 billions small mammals killed by cats each year

What are ways of mitigation for cats?

- Trap-Neuter-Release: one study indicated it took 10 years to eradicate cats from an island

- Kill/eradication programs: New Zealand has program: problem - immigration and high birth rate: social issues - what if a pet cat is killed