BSST Exam 2

what was the Sykes-Picot agreement?

• a secret understanding that concluded in 1916 between Great Britain and France for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire

• it was not implemented, but it established the principles for the division

what was it like before the six-day war?

• the west bank was ruled by Jordan

• the Gaza strip was under Egyptian military control

• ** There was a lot of conflict between the new country Israel and other countries throughout the 1950-60s

what was it like after the six-day war?

• Israel gained control of territory

  • the west bank, Gaza strip, Golan heights, and the Sinai Peninsula

what was the principle of land for peace?

• it formed the basis of Arab- Israel negotiations

• based on Israel giving land won in the 1967 war in return for peace deals

• recognized Isreali borders and its right to security

what did control of Jerusalem look like before and after 1967?

before: armistice line drawn at the end of the war divided into two parts

• Israel controlled the western part; Jordan took the eastern part

after: Israel captured the whole of Jerusalem in 1967 and extended the city's municipal boundaries, putting both East and West Jerusalem under its sovereignty

what is zionism?

the establishment of a Jewish homeland in historical Palestine

what did terrorism against British control look like?

• 1946: A pro-Zionist organization called the Irgun bombed the King David Hotel, leading to the deaths of 91 people

• Terrorism perpetrated against the British gov to establish what is now the State of Israel

what were the Camp David Accords?

• In 1979, Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty

• This was the first peace treaty between Israel and any of its neighboring Arab countries

• This recognized and accepted Israel as a sovereign state

• Jimmy Carter facilitated these accords: the U.S. was the first to recognize Israel as an independent state

what were the 1993 Oslo Accords?

• Agreements between Israel and the PLO

• lead to the creation of the Palestinian Authority (PA) which was the government for the West Bank

• provided limited self-governance for the Palestinian territories and a peace process for a future Palestinian state

  
  

Who are the Hamas?

• Believed Palestinian territory was God-given land, and Israel couldn’t be allowed to exist

• Political wing: semi-autonomous control of the Gaza Strip

• Social services: charities, schools, hospitals, and public services

• Military wing: al-Qassam Brigades

what was the first Intifada (rebellion/ revolt) in 1987?

Hamas is formed to wage war in Israel

• lead to the Oslo Accords

what was the second intifada in 2000?

• Hamas formed an alliance with Hezbollah and PIJ (Palestinian Islamic Jihad)

• they started a suicide bombing campaign

How was Hezbollah formed?

Iran elected Mosaddegh as leader of the country → The U.S. viewed him as a communist → we formed a plan with the British to overthrow him and reinstate the Shah → it worked and lead to a brutal regime → Iran had enough of this and they overthrew the Shah

what is Hezbollah’s organizational structure like?

• Political wing: 1998 Hezbollah won many seats in Lebanon's parliament

• Social services wing: schools, hospitals, public works

• Military wing: goal to eliminate Israel and establish an Islamic (Shia) government in Lebanon

what are ethnic and nationalist separatist movements?

• they’re based around ethnic nationalists/ identity

• conflicts are asymmetrical: the most common tactic is terrorism

what are some differences between separatist terrorism and other forms?

• Unlike religiously motivated terrorists, separatists usually have clear, achievable goals (usually establishing an independent state)

• Terrorism is used to make a clear statement about a group's identity

• Less of an emphasis (if any) on ideology or philosophy

• Terrorism draws attention to a victimized group

what is nationalist terrorism?

violence waged based on common unity/ cultural and ethnic identity

what is the difference between a nation and a state?

• State: a bordered region possessing a population and sovereignty

• Nation: an identifiable group of people who share a collective identity typically formed around ethnic or cultural bonds

• Nation-states: a state whose entire population consists of members from a single nation (Armenia, Cuba, Japan)

what type of conflict did Cyprus have? (1955-1959)

• Conflict over who should govern territory if two groups don’t identify with each other

• Greek Cypriots sought unity with Greece; Turkish Cypriots sought unity with Turkey

• Republic of Cyprus is the Greek side, and Turkish Cypriots control the north

what type of conflict did Algeria have? (1954-1962)

• Algeria was absorbed into France → Algerian revolutionaries launched a campaign of blind terrorism

• French forces responded with torture, mass arrests, and increased repression

• Example of how independent movements can use violence to raise the cost of maintaining colonial control

• 8 years at war became too costly for France to maintain power in Algeria

what type of conflict did Kenya have? (1950-1960)

• Kenya was under British control: the Kikuyu tribe was relocated

• 1950: the Mau Mau formed and began a terrorism campaign in 1952

  • Did not achieve its goal through an armed campaign

  • Not successful at that time

• The British declared a state of emergency and increased repression

• Evidence that terrorism had mixed results: the Mau Mau movement failed, but Kenya gained independence in 1963

what type of conflict did the Uyghurs have in Xinjiang?

• Tension between a group's national identity and a state's territorial control

• The group is fighting for independence from China

• Uyghur nationals are mostly non-violent

• China has been accused of committing human rights abuses against Uyghur nationals

• Shows how a separatist movement can be framed by the state as a terrorist/ security threat, but other underlying threats are central to the conflict

Why do ethno-nationalist and separatist movements emerge?

They often develop when a group of people believes its distinct identity or right to government is threatened

• shared identity

• political grievance

• political goal (independence/ autonomy)

• choice of tactics (peaceful vs. terrorism)

• different outcomes

what is the Basque Region?

• Basque region has always had its own language and culture

• After the victory of Franco in 1939, the Basque region was completely incorporated into Spain (banning the Basque language and expression)

• An exiled Basque government fled to Paris

• When people feel that their culture is being suppressed, it pushes them to want more autonomy

What is the ETA?

• a group of students traveled to Paris to meet the exiled government

  • The students formed the ETA to advocate for Basque national identity, but did not advocate violence

• 1969: group started terrorist campaigns

  • ETA-M broke away and continued high profile attacks

• shows how violence by both non state and state actors can perpetuate cycles of retaliation

who are the LTTE in Sri Lanka?

• historically made up about 17% of the population in the 1950s (they are predominantly Hindu)

• they were created to fight for an independent Tamil homeland

• they became the number on exporter of suicide terrorism

  • used to weaken the government

what is the Kurdistan Workers’ Party?

• A Marxist-Leninist group

• Capitalism created inequality between social classes → we should establish a socialist state by overthrowing the capitalist government

• The group developed a guerrilla force and waged a war of independence

• In the 1990s, the group shifted to more selective targets and began using religious rhetoric for strategic reasons

• Turkish authorities captured leader Abdullah Öcalan in 1999

  • Did not end the conflict

• In the 2000s, Turkey became more aggressive in defeating the PKK, but violence continued

what type of conflict did the IRA have?

• Ireland (predominantly catholic) gained independence from the U.K. (predominantly protestant)

• 1930s: Sinn Fein believed the IRA should engage politically; other IRA members believed the IRA should engage militarily

• The Provisional IRA (PIRA) formed to continue the fighting the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and split from the Official IRA (OIRA)

• Ireland reduced the rights of catholics

what was the time period of “The Troubles” in Ireland?

the period from the 1960s peace agreements of the late 1990s

• categorized by violence

what is the Good Friday agreement of 1998?

• power sharing agreement

• ended three decades of violent conflict in Northern Ireland ("The Troubles”)

what is revolutionary terrorism? (Crenshaw 1972)

• an insurgent strategy in the revolution

• An attempt to seize power from the government to create a new social/ political order

• Using terrorism as a strategy to overthrow the existing system

when did revolutionary terrorism reach its peak?

1960s and 70s

why is the example of the Tupamaros different than previous examples?

• It shows that revolutionary movements can happen in urban environments

• The group did not gain more support when repressive measures by the government were put in place

what led to the creation of the Tupamaros?

• the economy in Uruguay began to crumble in 1054

• this led to sugar workers in the middle class being faced with difficult economic futures

  • growing resentment, economic/ political grievances

• when workers began protesting, it caused conflict between workers and police

• the group launched a terrorism campaign (kidnapping)

  • gov. responded with torture and repression and the group was defeated by early 1970s

What is the FARC?

• Revolutionary armed forces of Colombia

• Marxist-Leninist guerrilla organization that sought to overthrow the Colombian government

• Operated in rural Colombia

• The illicit drug trade was central to their financing

  • Kidnapping, extortion, etc

  • Illegal sources of revenue to finance group

What is the ELN?

• National liberation army

• Colombian revolutionary guerrilla organization with Marxist influences and Christian teachings

• Liberation theology: social justice and the rights of poor and marginalized people

  • Used as a recruitment method: reaching a much wider audience of Christian individuals who may support the group

what is the MeK?

• The People’s Mojahedin organization of Iran

• Sought to overthrow the Iranian Monarchy and opposed the Islamic Republic

• Combines Islam and Marxism

• The US removed the group from the FTO list in 2012

what are Maoist groups?

• they use the philosophy of Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong (based in rural, peasant movements)

• ruthless domination over areas of control

• they have strong maintenance of internal discipline

what is the shining path?

• Insurgent Maoist organization in Peru that sought to overthrow the government and establish a communist state

• Led by Abimael Guzman (1980)

• Leader was arrested and violence decreased

What are the Naxalites?

• Maoist movement emerging in the late 1960s, associated with maoist-inspired insurgency in India

• Represent marginalized rural communities, especially those affected by land inequality and social exclusion

• Armed struggle against the Indian state

what is the New People’s Army?

• Armed wing of the community party of the Philippines (1969)

• Fought Philippine government to establish communist political system

• The longest running communist insurgency in the world

What are Counterrevolutionary Paramilitaries?

• United Self-Defenses Forces of Colombia (1997-2006) (AUC)

• Right wing paramilitary umbrella organization (1997)

• Fought left wing guerrilla groups

• They wanted to keep the economic, political, and social system that was in place and they countered anyone who said differently

what is the broad idea of revolutionary terrorism?

describes a strategy for overthrowing an existing political and social order

what do left wing extremist groups want?

radical changes to existing capitalism and class inequality

what is insurgency?

An organized campaign to challenge weaken, or overthrow an established government or authority, often through armed conflict and efforts to gain political control

what is guerrilla warfare?

A method of fighting in which smaller or irregular forces use tactics such as ambushes and hit and run attacks against a stronger opponent

when did left wing terrorism start to lose its support?

after the collapse of the soviet union

how does left wing terrorism splinter into single issue terrorism?

Groups use violence to advance a particular cause rather than pursue a broad evolutionary transformation

what are the red brigades in Italy?

• Sought to overthrow Italy's capitalist political system and establish a revolutionary communist state

• Carried out kidnappings, assassinations, and attacks

• 1978 kidnapping and murder of former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro

  • Viewed him as a symbol of capitalism

what is the Red Army Faction in Germany?

• Opposed capitalism, American influence, and West Germany’s political establishment

• Carried out bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings

• Angry about the Vietnam War, U.S. military influence, capitalism, and former Nazis– the existing system was fundamentally oppressive

what is the Japanese Red Army in Japan?

• Japanese marxist revolutionary organization

• Pursued international revolutionary agenda, cooperated with other militant organizations

• 1972 massacre at Lod Airport (Israel)

  • Liberation of Palestine

what is the Weather Underground?

• goal: end the Vietnam war: motto was “bring the war home”

• another cause of the group was racial injustice in the US

• they targeted property, not people

how is are the Weathermen an example of groupthink occurring in terrorism groups?

• They did not challenge each other’s assumptions about using violence to achieve the end goal

• the group developed during a period of intense conflict (Vietnam War)

• They isolated themselves

What do Tsintsadze-Maass and Maass (2014) identify as the two types of rationality in groupthink?

• Instrumental: Does a decision effectively achieve the goal?

• Procedural rationality: Was the decision-making process thoughtful and thorough?

what are some symptoms of groupthink?

• Us vs. Them thinking: members viewed the U.S. government as enemies

• Overconfidence in their beliefs: the political system was oppressive, justifying their revolutionary approach

• Pressure to conform: strong leaders discouraged members from challenging group’s direction

what are some defects in decision- making in groupthink with the weather underground?

• they failed to evaluate alternative strategies

• did the bombings end the Vietnam war?

• did the bombings alienate them from the public?

what are the Black Panthers?

• political organization

• founded to protect black residents from acts of police brutality

• patrolled black neighborhoods for police presence

• eventually developed into a marxist revolutionary group

• called for exception of African Americans from the draft to fight for “white America”

• also known for community programs

• sought to address everyday needs of black communities, not just armed assistance