Osmosis, organelles, allele codes, other weaknesses to refine

high heat of vaporization definition

Water absorbs a lot of heat energy before it changes from liquid to gas

high heat of vaporization benefit

sweat cools body

high heat capacity definition

raising the temperature of water requires a lot of heat energy

high heat capacity benefit

temperature homeostasis in body, absorbs heat in area

cytoplasm

cytosol + cytoskeleton

cytosol

cell water

cytoskeleton

network of fibrous proteins within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

What are microtubules made of

tublin

Function of microtubules

framework, moving vesicles within cell, movement of cells

Examples of microtubules

cilia and flagella

Intermediate Filaments

Long fibrous proteins wrapped around each other

intermediate filaments function

mechanical strength, gives cells resistance, harder to destroy

Actin filaments

composed of actin

functions of actin filaments

-cell shape

-mobility

-cell division

-muscle contraction

cilia

short membrane extensions, large groups

cilia function

move substances past stationary cells

Microvili

small projections of the cell membrane

function of microvilli

increases surface area

flagellum

long membrane extension, one on a cell

function of flagella

move a cell

Diffusion

random movement of molecules from a region of higher to lower concentration

simple diffusion

molecules diffuse across lipid bilayer

what passes the phospholipid bilayer easily

small and nonpolar molecules

facilitated diffusion

large/polar molecules use protein channels, when open they enable movement of solute down the concentration gradient

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy and proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

continuous, highly folded membrane

ribosomes

produce proteins, on RER, made by nucleolus

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

continuous, highly folded membrane

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

makes lipids, steroids/cholesterol, transport fats, drug detoxification

golgi apparatus

series of thin stacked sacs

function of golgi apparatus

processes, packages, and transports proteins

lysosomes

vesicles that bud off the golgi apparatus

function of lysosomes

digest/break down food, waste, and broken parts

peroxisomes

vesicles that bud off the rough endoplasmic reticulum

function of peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.

mitochondria

small rod shaped inner cristae

function of mitochondria

cellular respiration/ ATP production

nucleus

prominent near cell's center, some cells have more than one

function of nucleus

encodes for all the proteins of the body; contains the cells DNA/hereditary material

nucleolus

darker region of the nucleus

function of nucleolus

produces ribosomes

nuclear envelope

double membrane, two phospholipid bilayers

function of nuclear envelope

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

nuclear pores

found in nuclear envelope

function of nuclear pores

allow the transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope

Blood type

I base

A - type A

B - type B

ii for O blood type

Blood type +,-

R = +

r = -

Color blindness

sex linked trait X base

C - normal color vision

c - red-green colorblindness

Cystic Fibrosis

C - healthy

c - cystic fibrosis

Eye color

B - brown eyes

b - blue eyes

hair texture

K base

S - straight hair

C - curly hair

hemophilia

X base

H - normal blood clotting

h - hemophilia

sickle cell anemia

H base

A - hemoglobin A ( normal)

s - hemoglobin S (sickle cell)

Homeostasis

maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment