Section V SocSci (Cuban Migration & after)

Since when have Cubans been moving to US

early 19th century

How many Cubans moved in the second half of 19th century

50,000 Cubans moved

Where did Cubans create communities

New York City, New Orleans, Key West, and Tampa

Cuba's republican period

1902 - 1959

Cuban Revolution start

July 1953

Barista Regime

1958

Distance from Cuba to Florida

about 90 miles

members of the 26th of July Movement

Communist Party of Cuba's inspirations

operating along the lines of Marxist-Leninist lines and modeled after the Soviet Communist Party

number of Cubans migrated (to us) since the establishment of the Cuban Communist Party

1.7 million

how many and where else did Cubans migrate after the establishment of the Cuban Communist Party

300,000 to Spain, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Mexico (other Latin American and Caribbean countries) , as well as Canada, Germany, Italy, France (European Countries)

First wave of refugees who fled Cuba

Golden Exiles

what is Brigade 2506

Cuban exile force meant to overthrow Castro and establish a non-Communist

how many members of Brigade 2506 died

more than 100

how many members of Brigade 2506 had to surrender

1200

Golden Exile years

January 1959 to October 1962

Operation Peter Pan (Operation Pan Pedro)

parents sending their children into US - December 1960 to October 1962

Amount of people sent to US during Operation Peter Pan

14000 unaccompanied children

when did US grant Cubans visa waivers for humanitarian reasons

January 3, 1961

number of boat people (balseros) arriving in Florida between 1962 and 1965

6,700 balseros

Number of Cubans Entering US from 1962-1965

55,900 Cubans

name for Cubans leaving the island for US

worms or traitors

when Cuban authorities opened port of Camarioca in Matanzas

October 10, 1965

number of people that left when the port of Camarioca was open

4,500

time the airbridge between Varadero and Miami was open

December 1, 1965 to April 6, 1973

number of refugees the US funded flights brought to US

3,000-4,000 per month

total number of airbridge flights

3,048 flights throughout the entire program

end of the airbridge program

April 1973

number of people Freedom Flights brought to US

260,600 people

place people from Freedom Flights usually settled

South Florida

number of Cubans coming to US for the rest of the 1970s after Freedom Flights

38,000 Cubans

legal permanent residency in US

green card

Mariel Exodus (Mariel boatlift)

third wave of Cuban Migration

what triggered the Mariel Exodus

visits of more then 100,000 Cuban exiles in their native country in 1979

number of Cubans wanting to leave the country in April 1980

10,800 people

why did they open the port of Mariel

allow those people who could be picked up by their overseas relatives to leave

people the Cuban government forced people to take

Scoria (scum) such as inmates, prostitutes, and homosexuals

how many Cubans went to Key West during Mariel Exodus

124,800 people

percent of people in Mariel Exodus that were criminals

less than 2 percent

classification of Mariel Cubans by US

entrants (status pending)

when did outmigration of the Mariel Exodus start to slow down

1980s

when and why did the Soviet Union stop providing aid to Cuba

Collapse of Soviet Union in 1991

number of Cubans leaving on makeshift boats between Janurary 1990 and July 1994

13,600 people

number of visas promised to Cubans

20,000

when did Castro start letting people leave the island without disturbance

August 12, 1994

how long was the Balsero (rafters) crisis or Mariel II last

one month

number of people US Coast Guard intercepted during Mariel II or Balsero (rafters) crisis

30,900 rafters at sea

who decided that Cuban rafters could help their re-election bid

Florida Governer Lawton Chiles

when did Chiles declare a state of emergency in Florida

August 18, 1994

effect of state of emergency in Florida

Cubans were temporarily detained and moved from detention camps in Key West to Miami

term for people fleeing Castro's regime after US policy of welcoming all Cubans ended

de facto refugees

nickname for Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

Gitmo

time of the bilateral talks between US and Cuba

September 1st - September 10th

who referred to Cubans arriving to US as illegal immigrants

Attorney General Janet Reno

wet foot, dry foot policy

Cubans arriving on boats and rafts would be sent back to Cuba, while those reaching US soil would be immediately admitted

last time of the repatriation of Cubans

1959

who ended the wet foot, dry foot policy

President Obama on January 13, 2017

number of Cubans admitted between 1995 to 2015

650,000

Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966

allows Cuban nationals who have been in the US for at least a year to apply for a green card

countries that have implemented guestworker programs

US, Japan, Western European Countries, and oil-rich Middle Eastern Countries (Omar, Qatar, United Emirates)

Bracero Program years

1942-1964

Mexican Labor Program (Bracero Program)

brought 4.5 million Mexican workers brought into US to work

what word does bracero stem from

brazo, meaning arm in Spanish

what is a bracero

a person that works with his arms or his hands--a farm worker

last time US had a similar program to Bracero program

1917 and 1922

how many people were brought into US in the program similar to Bracero Program in 1917 and 1922

50,000 to 80,000

average time for a contract for a bracero

six months

which countries brought temporary migrant workers after WWII

Great Britain, West Germany, Austria, France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland

countries that provided temporary migrant workers after WWII

Italy, Greece, Spain, Yugoslavia, Turkey, North Africa, and the Commonwealth (the Caribbean, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)

who did West Germany turn to

Italy

why did West Germany turn to Italy

they were a fellow member of the European Economic Community (EEC)

when was the European Economic Community (EEC) established

1957

after Italy's economic boom in the 1960s, who did West Germany turn to

Greece, Spain, Morocco, Portugal, Turkey, and Yugoslavia

when did the policy change that allowed workers to bring their families

1970s

how many people entered Western Europe

30 million people between 1945 to 1974

how many guestworkers did West Germany recruit

14 million from 1955 to 1973

another term for guestworker

Gastarbieter

major oil crisis years

1973 and 1979

Austria's decline in guestworkers

around 16 percent decline

Switzerland's decline in guestworkers

around 26 percent decline

when did Germany allow for dual citizenship

June 27, 2024

how may a child of a foreign resident gain German citizenship

their parent must resign in Germany for at least 5 years

how many German Residents come from Turkish heritage

3 million

area in China that has a massive demand for labor

Eastern Coastal region of China

population and fertility rates in the Eastern Coastal region of China

aging population and low fertility rates

how does the Chinese government regulate migration

hukou system

purpose of hukou system

permits internal migration so long as migrants can fully support themselves in their new locations

number of internal migrants in China in 2020

over 300 million

nickname for people in China that migrate internally

floating population

difference between migrant workers and workers with urban hukou

migrant workers are paid at a lower rate and work low-skilled jobs

what must an immigrant do before leaving their country

apply for a passport then an immigrant visa from their destination

what information may an immigrant visa include

purpose of immigration, their education and employment, and their family and financial situation

who applies for a nonimmigrant visa (NVI)

tourists, business travelers, and international students

who determines if a person's visa is admitted or not

US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Customs and Border Protection (CBP) inspectors

common reasons for denial of visa

discrepancies in purpose, past criminal offenses, documented fraud, lack of strong ties to ones home country, and refusal to answer CBP officer's questions

cities that are common ports of entries

Los Angeles, Miami, and New York City

who has the most "powerful" passport in the world

Singapore

how many destinations can a person with a Singaporean passport enter visa-free

193

how many destinations can a person with a US passport enter visa-free

182

how many destinations can a person with a Russian passport enter visa-free

114