cog psych exam 2

what is short term memory

active contents, working memory

characteristics of short term memory

short duration, small capacity, phoentic code

what is long term memory

no longer active, retrieved memory

characteristics of long term memory

long duration, large capacity, semantic code

aspects of serial position effect

primacy and recency

what is primacy

earlier items get more rehearsal and are more likely to get into LTM

what did atkinson and shiffrin find

maintenance rehearsal keeps items in STM

what is the recency effect

last items are still active in STM and just get dumped out

what did glanzer and cunitz study

added a distracting task after viewing a list and found that primacy effect stays but recency effect disappears

what did HM, Clive Wearing, and Jimmie G. all experience

intact STM and previous LTM but inability to commit new info to LTM

what did patient K.F experience

STM capacity of just 2 digits but functioning LTM

what is population dissociation

no difference between populations on one measure, but difference on another

implications from amnesiac patients

STM and LTM use separate brain systems

what is explicit memory

declarative, conscious, and intentional memory

what is implicit memory

memory without explicit awareness of deliberate retrieval

what is retrograde amnesia

cannot remember events prior to brain damage, general knowledge and distant memories usually preserved better

what is anterograde amnesia

cannot remember events that occur after brain damage, consists of vague recollections and skill learning

results of warrington and weiskrantz study

examined potential new learning by giving word fragments that could be completed with earlier words, differences between populations of recall and recognition but not on fragment completion, showed that deficits in explicit memory are not present in implicit memory

what are direct memory tests

directly refer to a past event, subjects are aware they are using memory

what are indirect tests

do not refer to past events, asked to perform task, memory used without awareness

types of indirect tests

perceptual identification, fragment completion, homophone spelling

what is perceptual identification

showing words and then words obscured by letters, example of priming

what is fragment completion

given fragments that can be completed by earlier words

what is homophone spelling

being primed by earlier words to spell a word a certain way

what is phase 1 of general study method

acquisition, presented items that will be tested

what is phase 2 of general study method

complete test where memory is used

study done by jacoby and dallas

participants given either recognition or perceptual identification test, found that processing words based on meaning resulted in higher recognition for recognition test, but didn’t matter for indirect test

what is experimental dissociation

different patterns of findings are based on experimental manipulation

what are developmental dissociations

explicit and implicit memory develop at different rates

what is encoding

acquiring info and transferring it to LTM, occurs during initial learning

what is retrieval

pulling info out of storage and into active contents of mind

what is maintenance rehearsal

simple repetition of information

what is elaborative rehearsal

linking the meaning of info to other things

what does the modal model say about repetition

not only maintains info in STM but increases likelihood that you can transfer into into LTM

study results for craik and watkins

had participants identify target words that identified with a stimulus, found that regardless of rehearsals performance sat around 12-15%. repetition did not play a significant part in memory

study results for glenberg et al

asked to recall 4 digit number after repeating filler word for random amounts of time, after 60 trials got surprise recall test on the words, no difference due to length of repetition of words

what is encoding

asking prompting questions to force different types of analysis

types of encoding

visual (appearance of word), phonemic (rhyming and sounds), semantic (category it applies to)

what is shallow processing

rehearsal based on superficial characteristics such as visuals

what is deep processing

rehearsal based on meaningful info such as semantics

what did craik and tulving find

processing depth affects memory, semantic encoding yields best results

rogers et al results

remember more words when asked to think about whether the words describe themselves

nairne et al results

thinking about words in terms of usefulness for survival helped rememberance

what are retrieval cues

elements of the retrieval situation that help us remember info

what is the cue dependency of memory

retrieval success is dependent on the cues used

what do we encode based on

new info learned, location, mood, etc.

tulving and pealstone results

participants who did free recall only recalled portion of memory, showed importance of cues

mantyla results

recall is much stronger when we use associates we made ourselves

fisher and craik results

tested importance of coding and retrieving under same conditions, most likely to remember word based on how it sounds

what is the encoding specificity principle

we remember info better when the conditions during recall match the conditions during encoding

wickens et al results

cues become less effective when too much info is associated with them

massa and mayer results

test on knowledge of electronics after tailored learning, having info matched to learning style does not improve learning

nilsson results

monetary motivation does not improve performance, but does improve perception of ability

what is the science of learning

research-based practices for improving memory such as elaboration and testing

palmere et al results

more examples means greater memory

slamecka and graf results

generating a part of a word fragment produces stronger recognition

foos et al results

generating our own questions is more effective that using someone else’s

roediger and karpicke results

testing improves long term learning and creates connections

rowland et al results

practice testing with more than one day in between final test leads to better learning

what is massed practice

all of studying occurs in one time block

kornell results

participants predicted that massed practice would lead to better learning but spaced practice did

what is autobiographical memory

mainly episodic but can have semantic components like facts

what is field perspective

seeing a memory as yourself

how is autobiographical memory multidimensional

consists of spatial, emotional, and sensory components

greenberg and rubin results

brain damage in visual areas of brain led to loss of autobiographical memory

what memories stand out the most

big and emotional events, transition points

what is the self-image hypothesis

memory is enhanced for events that form our identity

what is the cognitive hypothesis

encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability

what is the cultural life script hypothesis

events that commonly occur in a particular culture are near the reminiscence bump

what is the reminiscence bump

tendency to remember events from adolescence and early adulthood

what is hsam

highly superior autobiographical memory

how does emotion impact autobiographical memory

tendency to remember pleasant events better, well remembered negative events like shame and depression

what do we focus on in negative memories

more central details and less peripheral details

what is tunnel memory

increased focus on detail in emotional memories

what do negative memories focus on

central critical detail like weapon focus

heuer and reisberg results

better central memory in emotional memories and peripheral memory in boring memories

bradley et al results

high arousal slides had higher recall, pleasant and unpleasant slides recalled equally well

what does the amygdala do

releases stress hormones

what do lesions on the amygdala do

block interpretation of auditory stimuli

what is mood congruent memory

the mood you are in shapes how you remember a situation (sad mood=sad memory)

what is the negative feedback cycle

depressed people encode and retrieve through a negative filter

what are flashbulb memories

person’s memory for the circumstances surrounding hearing about emotional and important events

neisser and harsch results

more people reported hearing about the challenger explosion on tv after 2.5 years

talarico and rubin results

accuracy of memories of 9/11 decreased, but beliefs in accuracy stayed stable

roediger and mcdermott results

lures were recalled despite not being on lists due to schemas

what is a schema

knowledge structure about what is involved in a particular scenario or experience

what is a script

type of schema that involves a sequence of actions for an activity

brewer and treyens results

recalled things not seen in picture that are part of typical office schema

loftus and palmer resuts

more violent verb usage led to increased speed estimates and false reports of seeing broken glass

loftus et al results

groups told misinformation picked wrong slide more often

loftus results

having participants go think about an event is enough to create entire memories of it

old view of memory

static, reproductive

new view of memory

dynamic, integrative, reconstructive, subjective

what is the classical model of categorization

form and test rules for hypothesis testing

problems with classical categorical model

categories cannot be defined by simple rules, have good and bad members, have unclear boundaries

results of posner and keele study

never-seen average was judged as typical category member and recognizd with more confidence than learned instances

what is prototype theory

what we store is an average or single prototype abstracted from our experiences

results of nosofsky study

ability to categorize stimuli depended on similarity to individual examples

exemplar theory

we store individual instances and categorize based on them

what is the modern view of categorization

we store instances and abstract an average