Chronic Inflammation and Macrophage Function

These flashcards cover key concepts and details about chronic inflammation, macrophage function, and the pathological consequences of unresolved inflammation.

What happens to macrophages during persistent injury or infection?

They adapt and may fuse to form giant cells, leading to the creation of granulomas.

What are granulomas?

Collections of macrophages that form when the body tries to isolate a pathogen or foreign material that cannot be removed.

What is the role of cytokines released by macrophages?

They act as chemical signals to communicate with and recruit other cell types, such as fibroblasts.

What is the difference between caseating and non-caseating granulomas?

Caseating granulomas contain necrotic tissue, while non-caseating granulomas contain living tissue with multiple nuclei.

What can lead to chronic inflammation?

Persistent injury, infection, or exposure to irritants that the body cannot resolve.

What are some examples of diseases associated with granulomas?

Tuberculosis (TB) and sarcoidosis.

How does macrophage activity contribute to fibrosis?

Macrophages release cytokines that stimulate fibroblasts to produce excess collagen, leading to scar tissue formation.

What is the enzyme phospholipase A2 responsible for?

Converting phospholipids into arachidonic acid, a critical step in the inflammatory response.

What does COX-1 produce and why is it important?

COX-1 produces gastric mucus which protects the stomach lining from acidic damage.

What is a COX-2 inhibitor and provide an example?

A drug that specifically blocks COX-2, such as Celebrex, which reduces pain without affecting gastric mucus production.

What effects do leukotrienes have in the inflammatory response?

They cause vasodilation and increase vascular permeability, contributing to swelling and redness.

What is the impact of chronic inflammation on heart function?

Chronic inflammation can lead to fibrosis in heart tissue, causing electrical signal disruptions and potential heart failure.

What is the importance of macrophages in the immune response?

They are versatile cells that engage in phagocytosis, signaling, and tissue repair, adapting their function based on the encountered stimuli.