DTS chapter 11 & 12

Carbohydrate

A chemical substance found in foods that consist of simple sugar molecules in various forms

The average amount of daily calories deriving from carbohydrates around the world

50 to 56 percent

Simple sugars

A type of carbohydrate consisting of simple sugar molecules in the form of monosaccharides and disaccharides such as glucose or table sugar

Complex carbohydrates

A type of carbohydrate consisting of long complex chains made of monosaccharides and disaccharides known as polysaccharides such as starch or dietary fiber

How many calories per gram does a carbohydrate supply the body

4 calories

What two simple sugars is sucrose comprised of

Glucose and fructose

What two simple sugars is lactose comprised of

Glucose and galactose

How does a high fiber vs a low fiber diet affect body bile content

High fiber allows the excretion of more bile while low fiber does not ending in the body reabsorbing most of the cholesterol used in the blood

What are the three monosaccharides

Glucose (blood sugar, dextrose), fructose (sugar naturally found in fruit), and galactose (milk and dairy)

Name the three disaccharides

Sucrose (table sugar-glucose and fructose)

Maltose (malt sugar-two glucose molecules)

Lactose (milk sugar-glucose and galactose)

Can disaccharides be absorbed in the body?

No, they must be broken down into monosaccharides.

Can monosaccharides be absorbed in the body?

Yes, monosaccharides are the most basic form of carbohydrate.

What is the percentage of the monosaccharides used for high fructose corn syrup.

55 percent fructose

45 percent glucose

What monosaccharide does the body convert all others into and use as its main source of energy?

Glucose

What is glycogen

The body’s storage form of glucose in which chains of glucose units are linked together in long strands and stored in the liver and muscles.

What four sources can give the body glucose

Glycogen stores from the liver

Consumption of carbohydrates

Glycerol (a nutrient from fats)

Certain amino acids being broken down

What foods most commonly have added sugar that Americans partake in a an receive too much sugar through.

Soft drinks, fruit drinks, sweetened coffee, tea, energy drinks, sports drinks, sweet snacks, candies, and desserts

What diseases or risks are associated with high added sugar diets

Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease as well as increased blood triglyceride levels and liver fat accumulation

What is dietary fiber

A non digestible polysaccharide or carbohydrate found in the cell wall of plants supporting their shape

What is the only source of dietary complex carbohydrates

Plant foods as they store their complex carbohydrates as starches and fiber

What food sources includes complex carbohydrates

Vegetables, grains, products made from grains, and legumes

What other nutrient besides complex carbohydrates do starchy foods most often supply more of than simple sugars?

Fiber

Why do starchy foods supply a slow steady stream of glucose to the body?

They often take the most time to fully break down and absorb.

What two types of fiber are there

Soluble and insoluble

What is soluble fiber

Plant fiber that turns to gel when added with water

What is insoluble fiber

Plant fiber that is not digestible by the body’s enzymes and as a byproduct of the colon gut bacteria produce fatty acids aswell as helps constipation

What is the recommended amount of dietary fiber intake

14 grams per 1000 calories or 28 to 35 grams for adults

How should dietary fiber be introduced to a lacking diet.

Gradually over time with the addition of more water intake to prevent constipation, diarrhea, bloating, and gas

What is the glycemic index

A measure of the extent to which blood glucose is raised by a 50-gram portion of a carbohydrate-containing food compared to 50 grams of glucose or white bread.

What would make a food have a higher glycemic index

Foods digested that contain carbohydrates that are digested and absorbed quickly such as white bread or baked potatoes

What would make a food have a lower glycemic index

If the carbohydrate containing food is digested and absorbed slowly over time releasing glucose such as an apple or steel cut oats

Why is the glycemic index debated

It’s values can be different depending on what other foods are eaten alongside the foods value

What is plaque

A acidic byproduct of bacteria in the mouth after eating sugar, known for building up on teeth and destroying enamel.

What was fluoride added to water

It was observed to reduce tooth decay incidence by 25 percent in the 1930’s

What is lactose maldigestion

A condition in which the body is unable to digest or absorb lactose due to a lack of lactase or other intestinal condition. Most lactose maldigestion is due to lactase deficiency

What is lactose intolerance?

Gastrointestinal symptoms due to lactose maldigestion resulting in diarrhea, bloating, gas, and abdominal pain.

Why do children most often not have lactose maldigestion compared to adults

As a result to a genetic design that facilitates infant digestion and absorption of maternal milk

How should with lactose maldigestion change their diet to avoid lactose intolerance.

do not get rid of dairy products entirely, rather limit them to dairy products with less lactose such as yogurt and other fermented milks products.

What is the most reliable indicator of lactose maldigestion.

Receiving lactose intolerance within hours of dairy digestion

What is a sugar alcohol

Simple sugars containing an alcohol group in their molecular structure. Most commonly used as a sugar substitute in “sugar-free” products. They still contain 2 calories per gram

What is a non-nutritive sweetener

A sugar substitute that contains little or no calories and no nutrients.

What two artificial sweeteners do not need FDA approval.

Stevia and monk fruit as they are derived from natural plants

What is PKU

A genetic disorder (phenylketonuria) related to lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, the lack of which causes the essential amino acid phenylalanine to build up in the blood.

Why does the FDA require products containing aspartame to warn people with PKU to not consume it.

Because aspartame is derived from rearranging two amino acids (phenylalanine and aspartame) the former being an amino acid the person cannot breakdown and can lead to worse condition.

Have non-nutritive sweeteners shown to help in weight loss goals over a long period

No, they have shown promise in early usage but in long term they have raised BMI and body size in people using them often

T/F: Excluding a fiber 1 g of carbohydrate provides 4 calories

True

T/F: fructose is a monosaccharide, maltose is a disaccharide, and glycogen is a trisaccharide.

False

T/F: When the body has more glucose than it needs for energy formation, the excess glucose is converted to glycogen and fat.

True

T/F: Sugars are one of the most commonly used food additive

True

T/F: whole Foods containing simple sugars should be greatly minimized

False

T/F: xylitol and sorbitol are examples of alcohol sugars.

True

T/F: Long-term use of non-nutritive sweeteners is associated with larger body size

True

which of the following measures is associated with the prevention of dental caries?

Use of sugar-free chewing gum

insulin resistance

A condition In which cell membranes have reduced sensitivity to insulin, so that more insulin than normal is required to transport a given amount of glucose into cells in order for the body to keep blood glucose within healthy parameters

T/F: excess sugar consumption is the primary cause of diabetes

False

T/F: Diabetes generally develops over the course of many years

True

T/F: It is almost impossible to prevent or postpone the development of type two diabetes

False

T/F:Dietary recommend recommendations for individuals with type one and type two diabetes are substantially different than the recommend recommendations for a healthy dietary pattern

False

Type 1 diabetes

A disease characterized by high blood glucose levels, resulting from destruction of the insulin producing cells of the pancreas. This type of diabetes was called.

Type 2 diabetes

A disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the bodies, inability to use insulin normally or to produce enough insulin

Diabetes

A disease characterized by abnormal utilization of carbohydrates by the body and elevated blood glucose levels

Gestational diabetes

A type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and his screen for an all mothers between the 24th and 28th weeks by administering a glucose tolerance test this type of diabetes increases the chances of the woman to develop type two Diabetes later in life

What type of diabetes represents 90 to 95 percent of all diagnosed patients worldwide.

Type 2 diabetes

Hyperglycemia

Abnormally high blood glucose levels

How does insulin work

Insulin along with glucagon act as the key to open the door to allow glucose in the blood to move throughout the body’s cells and get used or stored lowering blood glucose levels.

What are common signs of hyperglycemia

Increased thirst, frequent urination, increased hunger, headaches, difficulty, concentrating, blurred vision, fatigue, weight loss, slow healing, sores, And frequent infections

Hemoglobin A1c test

A measure of the percentage of hemoglobin proteins in red blood cells that are attached to glucose. The higher the blood glucose levels the more glucose will become attached to hemoglobin. Once glucose binds with hemoglobin it will stay there for the lifespan of the hemoglobin, consequently hemoglobin A1c represents blood glucose levels over several months

What is considered normal blood glucose levels

70 to 100 mg/dL

What level of blood glucose can be diagnosed as diabetes

when it’s higher than 125 mg/dL

When it’s higher than 199 mg/DL

Greater than 6.4 percent

Autoimmune disease

A disease initiated by the destruction of the bodies own cells by components of the immune system that mistakenly recognize the cells as harmful

what specific abnormality does type 1 diabetes have related to insulin

It is related to an auto-immune disease that destroys the pancreas’ beta cells that create insulin

What is the only protection against type 1 diabetes

Infants who are breast fed

How do you manage type 1 diabetes

Through planned and calculated meals

And equivalent insulin injections

What is the 15-15 rule

a rule most commonly used in patients with type 1 diabetes during hypoglycemia. The patient must consume 15 grams of carbohydrates and check blood glucose levels after 15 minutes have passed and repeat until their blood glucose level is 70 mg/dL or higher

What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia

Feeling shaky, lightheaded or dizzy, feeling nervous or anxious, sweating or claims irritability feeling weak or low and energy, hunger, nausea, rapid heartbeat, illness, headache, headaches, confusion, feeling sleepy, and blurred vision

What foods are recommended for those with type 1 diabetes

Foods hiring fiber such as whole grain products, lagoons, vegetable vegetables, and fruit. Fruits are encouraged as Arlean proteins, low-fat dairy products, fish, dried beans and nuts and

T/F: do those with diabetes need to completely eliminate foods with added sugars from their diet

False

CGM

A tiny sensor used by patients with diabetes that acts as a a continuous glucose monitor

Insulin resistance

A condition in which cells react abnormally to the insulin secreted

Which type of diabetes is linked to genetic history

Type 2

Prediabetes

A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough for the diagnosis of diabetes

What does the liver do to blood glucose when it cannot make its way into cells to be used and instead builds up

It turns it into glycogen and stores it as triglycerides in the liver, muscles, and fat

Fatty liver disease

A reversible condition characterized by fat infiltration of the liver if not corrected, advanced forms of fatty liver disease can produce liver damage and other disorders

Metabolic syndrome

A grouping of at least 3 or more symptoms or conditions that increase the risk of heart disease and type two diabetes metabolic syndrome is characterized by insulin resistance, abdominal fat high blood pressure and triglyceride levels low levels of HDL cholesterol and high blood Glucose.

What three dietary factors does the American Diabetes Association list to help with diabetes diets

An emphasis on non-starchy vegetable

Minimization of added sugars and refined grains

Choosing more minimally processed foods, or those that still resemble the original food source

What three eating approaches demonstrate more positive outcomes ones for people with diabetes

Mediterranean diet, a low carbohydrate approach and a plant-based eating pattern

What two meal planning tools can be used to aid in diabetes diets

Carbohydrate counting and diabetes plate method

What three sections is the diabetes plate method comprised of

Half of the plate should be non-starchy vegetables

One fourth should be proteins

And one fourth should be rich carbohydrate foods

What does gestational diabetes risk in pregnant mothers

The development of high blood pressure during pregnancy and the increase risk of having a larger baby that has a difficult delivery or needs to be delivered by C-section

What percent of mothers diagnosed with gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes later in life

50 percent

When should mothers screen for gestational diabetes

Between weeks 24 and 28

T/F: The prevalence of gestational diabetes has increased along with the prevalence of type two diabetes

True

T/F: free diabetes is defined as a condition in which fasting blood glucose levels are 100 to 125 mg/dL

True

T/F: hypoglycemia is of particular concern for those with type one diabetes

True

What is the most common cause of type 2 diabetes

Excess body fat

What would a person with type 2 diabetes not need insulin injections

Their body produces enough insulin regularly but they have become insulin resistant meaning anymore wouldn’t do anything

Beta cells

Specialized cells in the pancreas’s that recognize when glucose levels rise and release insulin to counteract it

Alpha cells

Specialized cells in the pancreas that recognizes when Blood glucose levels fall and make the liver turn glycogen into glucose counteracting it