intro to cardiac

center of the cardiovascular system

the heart

the study of the heart and its diseases

cardiology

flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

pulmonary circulation

carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation

pulmonary arteries

carry oxygenated blood towards the left atrium

pulmonary veins

flow of oxygenated blood to all organs from the left ventricle through the aorta

systemic circulation

carry blood away from the heart

arteries

carry blood towards the heart

veins

the amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute

cardiac output

cardiac output at rest

5 liters/minute

organ that rests on the diaphragm, located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs in a space called the mediastinum

heart

pointed bottom part of the heart that is formed by the tip of the left ventricle and tilts toward the left hip

apex

wide upper and posterior margin of the heart that is formed mostly by the left atrium

base

carries deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle to the lungs

pulmonary trunk

carries oxygenated blood out of the left ventricle and carries blood to the organs of the body

aorta

where the deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins is dumped into

coronary sinus

returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the head and upper extremitites

superior vena cava

returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the trunk and lower extremities

inferior vena cava

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

pulmonary veins

serous membrane, triple-layer sac that surrounds and protects the heart; has two parts

pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium that is tough and attaches to the diaphragm; upper portion fuses with great vessels entering and leaving the heart

fibrous pericardium

inner, thinner layer of the pericardium that is more delicate; forms double layer around heart

serous pericardium

fused to fibrous pericardium, outer layer

parietal layer

adheres tightly to the muscle of the heart, considered to be part of the heart wall

visceral layer

visceral layer AKA __________

epicardium

space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium that contains serous fluid (pericardial fluid)

pericardial cavity

external layer/outermost surface of heart. thin, transparent membrane made out of connective tissue

epicardium (AKA visceral layer)

middle layer of the heart. thickest portion that is responsible for the pumping action of the heart

myocardium

inner lining of the heart that is very smooth

endocardium

superior chambers of the heart

right and left atria

inferior chambers of the heart

right and left ventricles

recieving chambers

atria

discharging chambers

ventricles

side that is bigger due to it needing to pump blood to the entire body

left side

receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava

right atrium

receives oxygenated blood directly from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

left atrium

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk

right ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood to all organs via the aorta

left ventricle

one-way and open in close in response to pressure changes on either side

valves

valves between the atria and ventricles

atrioventricular valves: tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid)

valves between the ventricles and their greater arteries

semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic

separates tight atrium from right ventricle; composed of three flaps

tricuspid (right AV) valve

separates left atrium from left ventricle; composed of two flaps

mitral (left AV) valve

tendons that attach the AV valves to the papillary muscles; keep valves from turning inside out and prevent backflow

chordae tendineae

located on the inner surface of the ventricles where chordae tendineae attatch

papillary muscles

separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary semilunar valve

separates the left ventricle from the aorta

aortic semilunar valve

contain one-way valves and rely on intra-thoracic pressures and muscle contraction

veins

flow of blood out of capillaries

capillaries → venules → veins → vena cava → RA

caused by force of heart contraction; product of hearts pumping action, size of blood vessels, volume and viscosity of blood

blood pressure

when the ventricles contracts

systole

when the ventricles relax

diastole

normal BP

120/80

hypertension BP

140/90