General Chemistry I: Solutions - Lecture 1

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering types of solutions, factors affecting solubility, intermolecular interactions, and solution saturation from General Chemistry I (CHY-103).

Solid Solution

A homogeneous solution in the solid phase formed from a solid solute and a solid solvent, such as brass (a substitutional alloy of copper and zinc).

Natural Tendency to Mix

The thermodynamic drive of particles to mix spontaneously through random motions, favored by an increase in disorder (entropy).

Solute-Solute Interactions

Endothermic interactions ($\Delta_{\text{solute}}H > 0$) where energy is required to overcome attractions and separate solute particles.

Solvent-Solvent Interactions

Endothermic interactions ($\Delta_{\text{solvent}}H > 0$) where energy is required to overcome attractions and separate solvent particles from one another.

Solute-Solvent Interactions

Exothermic interactions ($\Delta_{\text{mix}}H < 0$) where energy is released when separated solute particles and solvent particles attract and interact.

Ion-Dipole Attraction

An electrostatic intermolecular attraction between an ion (such as $Na^+$ or $Cl^-$) and the oppositely charged dipole pole of a polar solvent molecule (such as $H_2O$).

Hydrogen Bonding

An intermolecular attraction existing between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to $F$, $O$, or $N$ and another nearby electronegative $F$, $O$, or $N$ atom on an adjacent molecule.

"Like Dissolves Like"

A general chemical rule stating that substances with similar types of intermolecular forces and polarities readily dissolve in one another.

Dissolution

The process in which solute particles break away from the solute crystal and disperse into the solvent, increasing the concentration of dissolved solute particles.

Recrystallization

The reverse process of dissolution in which dissolved solute particles collide, precipitate out of solution, and rejoin the solid lattice.

Saturated Solution

A solution at dynamic equilibrium where the rate of dissolution equals the rate of recrystallization, such that no more solute can dissolve at that temperature.

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a specified quantity of solvent at a particular temperature (e.g., $36.0\,g$ of $NaCl$ per $100\,mL$ of $H_2O$ at $20^\circ\text{C}$).

Unsaturated Solution

A solution that contains less solute than the maximum solubility limit at a given temperature, allowing additional solute to dissolve.

Supersaturated Solution

An unstable solution that contains a greater quantity of dissolved solute than the amount required to form a saturated solution under specified conditions.